Muhammad Abduh
Egyptian jurist and theologian (1849–1905) / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Muḥammad ʿAbduh (1849 – 11 July 1905) (also spelled Mohammed Abduh, Arabic: محمد عبده) was an Egyptian Islamic scholar,[18] judge,[18] and Grand Mufti of Egypt.[1][2][29][30] He was a central figure of the Arab Nahḍa and Islamic Modernism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[5][29]
Muhammad Abduh | |
---|---|
Grand Mufti of Egypt[1][2] | |
In office 1899 – 1905[3] | |
Personal | |
Born | 1849 (1849)[4] |
Died | 11 July 1905 (aged 56) Alexandria, Egypt, Ottoman Empire |
Cause of death | Renal cell carcinoma |
Religion | Islam |
Nationality | Egyptian |
Region | Middle East |
Denomination | Sunni |
Movement | Islamic Modernism[5][6][7][8][9] Pan-Islamism[5][10][11] Neo-Sufism[12][13][14] Islamism[15][16] Anti-imperialism[5][17] |
Notable idea(s) | Islamic revival Islamic Modernism pan-Islamism Educational reforms |
Notable work(s) | Risālat al-Tawḥīd (Arabic: رسالة التوحيد; "The Theology of Unity")[18] |
Alma mater | Al-Azhar University[18] |
Tariqa | Shadhiliyya[19] |
Occupation | Islamic scholar, jurist, and theologian[18] |
Muslim leader | |
He began teaching advanced students esoteric Islamic texts at Al-Azhar University while he was still studying there.[29] From 1877, with the status of ʿālim, he taught logic, theology, ethics, and politics.[29] He was also made a professor of history at Dar al-ʿUlūm the following year, and of Arabic language and literature at Madrasat al-Alsun.[29] ʿAbduh was a champion of the press and wrote prolifically in Al-Manār and Al-Ahram. He was made editor of Al-Waqa'i' al-Misriyya in 1880.[29] He also authored Risālat at-Tawḥīd (Arabic: رسالة التوحيد; "The Theology of Unity")[18] and a commentary on the Quran.[4] He briefly published the pan-Islamist anti-colonial newspaper al-ʿUrwa al-Wuthqā alongside his mentor Jamāl ad-Dīn al-Afghānī.[31]
ʿAbduh joined Freemasonry and subscribed to various Masonic lodges alongside his mentor al-Afghānī and his other pupils,[18][32] but eventually left the secret society in his later years.[33][34] He was appointed as a judge in the Courts of First Instance of the Native Tribunals in 1888, a consultative member of the Court of Appeal in 1899, and he was appointed muftī l-diyār al-miṣriyya [ar] in 1899.[29]