The 1280s is the decade starting January 1, 1280 and ending December 31, 1289.

Events

1280

• June 23 – Reconquista – Battle of Moclín: Troops of the Emirate of Granada defeat those of the Kingdom of Castile, and Kingdom of León.^[1]
• September 27 – King Magnus III of Sweden founds a Swedish nobility, by enacting a law accepting a contribution of a cavalry-member in lieu of ordinary tax payments.^[2]
• Construction on the northern section of the Grand Canal of China is begun.^[3]
• The final expansion of Lincoln Cathedral in England is completed.^[4]
• Tsar Ivan Asen III of Bulgaria flees from Tarnovo, ending the Asen Dynasty in Bulgaria.^[5]
• Syria attempts to secede from the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, but Al Mansur Qalawun defeats the rebels, and keeps Syria within the Egyptian sultanate.^[6]
• The second of two main surveys of the Hundred Rolls, an English census seen as a follow up to the Domesday Book completed in 1086, is completed; it began in 1279.
• Turin is conquered by Thomas III of Savoy, becoming the capital of the House of Savoy.^[7]
• Approximate date
  • The Ancestors of the Māori people from eastern Polynesia become the first human settlers of New Zealand.^[8]
  • The Wolf minimum of solar activity begins.^[9]

1281

By place

Byzantine Empire

• Spring – Siege of Berat: A Byzantine relief force under Michael Tarchaneiotes arrives at the strategically important citadel of Berat. Tarchaneiotes avoids a confrontation with the Angevines and relies on ambushes and raids instead. He manages to capture the Angevin commander, Hugh of Sully, a few of Sully's guards escape and reach their camp – where they report his capture. Panic spreads among the Angevin troops at this news and they begin to flee towards Avlon. The Byzantines take advantage of their disordered flight and attacked, joined by the troops in the besieged citadel. Tarchaneiotes takes an enormous booty, a small remnant of the Angevin army manages to cross the Vjosa River and reach the safety of Kanina.^[10]
• October 18 – Emperor Michael VIII (Palaiologos) is excommunicated by Pope Martin IV without any warning or provocation. Michael has re-established his rule in Constantinople, and authorizes Charles I, king of Sicily, to make a Crusade against the Papal States. Charles prepares an expedition in Sicily and assembles a fleet of 100 ships, and 300 more in Naples, Provence, and the Greek territories, which carry some 8,000 cavalrymen.^[11]

Europe

• June – Castilian forces led King Alfonso X (the Wise) and accompanied by his sons, the Infantes Sancho, Peter and John, invade the lowlands of Granada. Sultan Muhammad II sends a Moorish army, supported by many archers and cavalry, to repel them. Alfonso defeats the Moors in a battle near Granada's walls on June 25, but after the failure of the negotiations that follow, he leaves Granada.^[12]
• July 3 – Treaty of Orvieto: Charles I, Giovanni Dandolo, doge of Venice, and Philip I, Latin emperor, make an agreement to recover the Latin Empire. The treaty is signed in the Papal Palace, which Martin IV has moved to Orvieto after Viterbo is placed under an interdict for imprisoning two cardinals.^[13]

Middle East

• September – Two Mongol armies (some 50,000 men) advance into Syria. One, is commanded by Abaqa Khan – who attack the Mamluk fortresses along the Euphrates frontier. The second one, led by his brother Möngke Temür makes contact with Leo III, king of Cilician Armenia, and then marches down through Aintab and Aleppo into the Orontes valley. Where he is joined by knights of the Hospitaller Order and some French mercenaries. Meanwhile, Sultan Qalawun assembles his Mamluk forces at Damascus.^[14]
• October 29 – Battle of Homs: In a pitched battle, Mamluk forces (some 30,000 men) led by Qalawun destroy the Mongol center, Möngke Temür is wounded and flees. He orders a retreat, followed by a disorganized army. The Armenian-Georgian auxiliaries under Leo III fight their way back northwards. The Mongol army recrosses the Euphrates without losses, the river remains the frontier between the Mongols and the Mamluk Sultanate.^[15]
• Osman I, founder of the Ottoman Empire, becomes bey of the Söğüt tribe in central Anatolia after the death of his father, Ertuğrul Ghazi. Osman's accession to power is not peaceful, as he has to fight his relatives before he gets hold of the clan's leadership. One of Osman's major rivals is his uncle Dündar Bey, who rebels against him.^[16]

Asia

• August 15 – Battle of Kōan (or Second Battle of Hakata Bay): A second Mongol invasion of Japan is foiled, as a large typhoon – famously called a kamikaze, or divine wind – destroys much of the combined Mongol and Chinese fleet and forces, numbering over 140,000 men and 4,000 ships. Later, Kublai Khan begins to gather forces to prepare for a third invasion attempt, but is distracted by events in Southeast- and Central Asia.^[17]
• Kublai Khan orders the burning of sacred Taoist texts, resulting in the reduction in number of volumes of the Daozang (Taoist Canon) from 4,565 to 1,120.
• The Mon Kingdom of Hariphunchai falls, as its capital Lamphun (in modern-day Thailand) is captured by King Mangrai's Lannathai Kingdom.

By topic

Markets

• Guy of Dampierre, count of Flanders, licenses the first Lombard merchants to open a changing business in his realm.^[18]

Religion

• February 22 – Frenchman Simon de Brion succeeds Nicholas III, as Martin IV, and becomes the 189th pope of the Catholic Church.

1282

By place

Europe

• March 30 – War of the Sicilian Vespers: A group of Sicilian conspirators begins an uprising against the rule of King Charles I; over the next six weeks, thousands of French are killed. The rebellion forces Charles to abandon the Ninth Crusade, while still en route to the target city of Constantinople and allows King Peter III (the Great) to take over rule of the island from Charles (which in turn leads to Peter's excommunication by Pope Martin IV).
• May 1 – Battle of Forlì: A French expeditionary army under Jean d'Eppe launches an assault on Forlì and breaches the outer wall. While they plunder the suburbs, Guido I da Montefeltro sends a small force out the gate on the opposite side of the city. In an ambush, Guelph and Ghibelline forces defeat the main army of d'Eppe, who is forced to retreat to Faenza. He requests Martin IV for more reinforcements, but this is refused.^[19]
• Summer – A Aragonese expeditionary army under Peter III lands in North Africa in Collo, in proclaimed support of a rebellion of the governor of Constantine, Ibn Wazir. The revolt is suppressed by Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I, ruler of the Hafsid Sultanate. Peter, wary of the situation in Sicily, sails off and fails to take advantage of the state of rebellion in North Africa. Ibrahim stabilizes his power and styles himself emir of the sultanate.^[20]
• June – The 24-year-old Prince Sancho, heir to the throne of Castile, assembles a coalition of nobles and starts a massive rebellion against his father, King Alfonso X (the Wise). He dispatched his brothers into the realm to claim strategically important cities and castles. Only the cities of Seville, Murcia, and Badajoz remain loyal to Alfonso, who becomes isolated politically and abandoned by most of his family.^[21]
• June 26 – King Denis I (the Poet King) marries the 11-year-old Elizabeth of Aragon, daughter of Peter III (the Great), in Trancoso. Elizabeth received the towns of Óbidos, Abrantes, and Porto de Mós as part of her dowry. Denis, known for his poetry, writes several poems and books himself, with topics of administration and hunting. During his reign, Lisbon becomes one of Europe's centers of art and culture.
• July – Alfonso X (the Wise) allies himself with Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq, ruler of the Marinid Sultanate, who crosses the straits, and establishes a camp at Zahara de la Sierra, in southern Spain. Alfonso offers the Castilian royal crown of his father and grandfathers as a pledge of re-payment of a loan. Out of pity, Abu Yusuf gives him 100,000 gold dinars.^[22]
• August – Castilian forces under Sancho lay siege to Badajoz, who eventually retreat as the combined armies of Alfonso X (the Wise) relieve the city. Shortly after, Alfonso marches to Córdoba and demands the key of the city. This is refused by Diego López V de Haro, speaking on behalf of the magnates. Meanwhile, the Marinids plunder the Guadalquivir valley.
• August 30 – Peter III (the Great) traveling with his fleet on a military expedition against Tunis, ends up in the Sicilian town of Trapani, after he was asked by the inhabitants of Palermo to help in the fight against Charles I.^[23]
• September 4 – Peter III (the Great) is proclaimed "King of Sicily". Charles is forced to flee across the Strait of Messina, only to be content with the Kingdom of Naples (ruling a part of the Italian Peninsula with Martin IV).^[24]
• September or October – Battle of Lake Hód: Hungarian forces led by King Ladislaus IV successfully repel and defeat an invading Cuman army. Ladislaus receives for his heroic victory the title "the Cuman".^[25]
• November – Castilian forces under Alfonso X (the Wise) reconquer Córdoba. Pope Martin IV issues a papal bull, forcing Sancho and his nobles to proclaim their allegiance to Alfonso. Ending the rebellion.
• December 27 – King Rudolf I invests his sons, Albert I and Rudolf II, as co-rulers of the duchies of Austria and Styria, and lays the foundation of the House of Habsburg in these territories.^[26]
• Dutch forces led by Floris V, count of Holland, attack and defeat the West Frisians at the battle of Vronen. He succeeds in retrieving the body of his father, William II, some 26 years dead.
• King Stefan Dragutin breaks his leg while hunting and becomes ill. He abdicates the throne in favor of his younger brother, Stefan Milutin, who becomes ruler of Serbia (until 1321).
• Peter III (the Great) obtains the support of Nasrid Granada preparing for the incoming Aragonese Crusade, led by Philip the Fair of France.^[27]

England

• March – Welsh forces under Prince Dafydd ap Gruffydd, brother of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, attack and take control of Hawarden Castle. The garrison is massacred and Constable Roger de Clifford is taken prisoner. Llywelyn who has sworn fealty to King Edward I (Longshanks), joins Dafydd in his revolt against the English. Their actions lead to the final English conquest of Wales, by Edward.
• June 17 – Battle of Llandeilo Fawr: English forces led by Gilbert de Clare are ambushed and defeated by Welsh troops at Llandeilo. English expansion into southern Wales is halted.^[28]
• November 6 – Battle of Moel-y-don: English forces led by Luke de Tany are ambushed and defeated by Welsh troops, while crossing over a floating bridge to the island of Anglesey.^[29]
• December 11 – Battle of Orewin Bridge: English forces (some 6,000 men) under Edward I (Longshanks) defeat a Welsh army near Cilmeri. Llywelyn ap Gruffudd is killed.

By topic

Education

• Hertford College is founded, at the University of Oxford.

Markets

• The form for the Trial of the Pyx, during which it is confirmed that newly minted coins conform to required standards, is established.
• The first evidence is discovered of the existence of consolidated public debt in Bruges, confirming the expansion of use of annuities, to fund government expenditure to the Low Countries.^[30]

Nature

• The most recent eruption of Larderello, a volcano in southern Tuscany, is observed.

Technology

• The technology of watermarks is introduced by paper manufacturers of Bologna, Italy.

Religion

• John Peckham, archbishop of Canterbury, orders all the synagogues of London to close, and forbids Jewish doctors from practicing on non-Jews.
• Construction of Albi Cathedral in Languedoc begins.

1283

By place

Asia

• September 22 – The first Mongol invasion of Burma begins. The fort at Ngasaunggyan is besieged, and falls to the invaders on December 3.
• King Ram Khamhaeng of the Sukhothai Kingdom creates the Thai alphabet, according to tradition.
• Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty invades the Khmer Empire of present-day Cambodia; King Jayavarman VIII decides to pay tribute rather than fight the invasion, buying peace and preserving the empire.
• Construction on the northern section of the Grand Canal of China is completed.
• The city of Guiyang is founded, in Yuan Dynasty China.

Europe

• June 1 – Treaty of Rheinfelden: The 11-year-old Rudolf II is forced to relinquish his claim on the Duchies of Austria and Styria to his elder brother, Albert I. According to the terms of the agreement, concluded at the Imperial City of Rheinfelden (modern Switserland), Rudolf receives some territories in Further Austria in return.
• June 29 – Sultan Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq sets out for a punitive expedition and marches from Córdoba to Jaén and Úbeda, and then northwards through difficult terrain. On the third day after crossing al-burt, the Marinid forces attack Montiel (a fortress belonging to the Order of Santiago) and Almedina.^[31]
• July 8 – Battle of Malta at Valletta: An Angevin fleet, sent to help put down a rebellion on Malta, is defeated by the fleet of Roger of Lauria.
• October 3 – Death by hanging, drawing and quartering is first used as a form of capital punishment (for the newly created crime of high treason) by King Edward I of England, in his execution of Dafydd ap Gruffydd, the last ruler of an independent Wales, at Shrewsbury.
• The first regulated Catalan Courts are reunited by King Peter III of Aragon, for the whole Principality of Catalonia. It becomes one of the first medieval parliaments that bans the royal power to create legislation unilaterally.
• An earthquake destroys two thirds of the cave city of Vardzia, Georgia.
• Construction of Caernarfon Castle, Conwy Castle, and Harlech Castle is begun in Wales by King Edward I of England, as a system of defenses against possible future Welsh uprisings.
• King Philip III of France causes a mass migration of Jews, when he outlaws their residence in the small villages and rural localities of France.
• Daniel of Moscow unites the west side of Russia, which ends the Kievan Rus' after 301 years, and begins the Grand Duchy of Moscow (the Mongol occupation will end in some areas as late as 1440).

Africa

• Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I, ruler of the Hafsid Sultanate, is overthrown by the Bedouin rebellion, led by Abd al-Aziz I.^[32]

By topic

Art and Culture

• The Libro de los juegos, an early European treatise on board games (including chess, dice, and a version of backgammon), is commissioned by King Alfonso X (the Wise), between 1251 and 1283.
• Ramon Llull, Spanish theologian, writes Blanquerna, the first major work of literature written in Catalan, and perhaps the first European novel.^[33]
• The E. Codex of the Cantigas de Santa Maria, a collection of Portuguese musical manuscripts, is dated to between 1280 and 1283.

Markets

• The Saxon city of Goslar starts making efforts to redeem its already issued annuities, a sure indication of financial difficulty, and maybe an early sign of the 13th century crisis.^[34]

Religion

• January 2 – Most of Dublin, including St. Patrick's Cathedral, is burned in a fire.^[35]

1284

By area

Africa

• Putting an end to the Bedouin rebellion that had toppled his brother in 1283, Abu Hafs Umar I reconquers Tunis, and reinstalls the Hafsids as the dominating dynasty in Ifriqiya.^[36]
• Peter III of Aragon takes advantage of the weakness of the Hafsid Dynasty, and raids the island of Jerba. The Aragonese massacre the population, and occupy the island.^[36]

Asia

• Mamluk sultan of Egypt Al Mansur Qalawun signs a ten-year truce with the Crusader city of Acre; he will violate the truce on various pretexts in 1290.
• The Byzantine city Tralles falls to the Turkish emirate of Menteşe; 20,000 people are led off as slaves.

Europe

• March 3 – The Statute of Rhuddlan extends English law to Wales.^[37]
• June 5 – Battle of the Gulf of Naples: King Charles II of Naples is captured by Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon.
• May 18 – Jönköping in Sweden is granted town privileges.^[38]
• August 5–6 – Battle of Meloria: The Italian city-state of Genoa defeats its rival Pisa at sea, ending Pisa's marine power and hastening the city's decline in power.
• September 9 – German warlord Trunda makes a campaign to Karelia to tax Karelians but is defeated by Novgorod and the men from Staraya Ladoga.^[39]
• King Stefan Dragutin of Serbia receives Belgrade, Syrmia, and other territories from Hungary, when his son marries the king of Hungary's cousin.
• The Kingdom of Germany imposes a trade embargo on Norway, due to the latter pillaging a German ship. The embargo cuts off vital supplies of grain, flour, vegetables and beer, causing a general famine in Norway.^[40]
• The German city of Hamburg is destroyed by a fire.
• The events giving rise to the story of the Pied Piper of Hamelin take place in Lower Saxony.^[41]

By topic

Arts and culture

• Construction of Beauvais Cathedral is interrupted by a partial collapse of the choir; the event unnerves French masons working in the Gothic style.
• Jean de Meun translates Vegetius' 4th century military treatise De Re Militari from Latin into French.

Education

• Peterhouse, the oldest collegiate foundation of the University of Cambridge in England, is established by Hugh de Balsham, Bishop of Ely.

Health

• The al-Mansuri bimaristan (hospital) is completed in Cairo.^[42]

Markets

• The Republic of Venice begins coining the ducat, a gold coin that is to become the standard of European coinage, for the following 600 years.

1285

By area

Africa

• Mansa Sakura usurps the throne of the Mali Empire.

Asia

• April 25 – Mamluk sultan Al Mansur Qalawun begins a siege of the Crusader fortress of Margat (in modern-day Syria), a major stronghold of the Knights Hospitaller thought to be impregnable; he captures the fortress a month later.
• June 14 – Trần Hưng Đạo leads Vietnamese forces in victory over an invading Mongol fleet of the Yuan Dynasty, at Chuong Duong.
• The Mongol Golden Horde, led by Nogai Khan and Talabuga, attacks Hungary a second time.

Europe

• January 6 – Archbishop Jakub Świnka orders all priests subject to his bishopry in Poland to deliver sermons in Polish rather than German, thus further unifying the Catholic Church in Poland, and fostering a national identity.
• April – Chios is captured by Venetian raiders from its Genoese lords; it is later retaken.
• Easter – The Second Statute of Westminster is passed in England, reforming various laws; it includes the clause de donis conditionalibus, considered one of the fundamental institutes of medieval law in England.
• September 4 – Roger of Lauria defeats King Philip III of France, in a naval battle off Barcelona.
• The writ Circumspecte Agatis, issued by King Edward I of England, defines the jurisdictions of church and state in England, thereby limiting the church's judicial powers to ecclesiastical cases only.

By topic

Arts

• The English romantic poem The Lay of Havelok the Dane is written (approximate date).

Markets

• The first record is made of an emission of life annuities, by the city of Lübeck. It is the first instance of issue of public debt in Germany, and it confirms a trend of consolidation of local public debt over north-western Europe (see 1228).^[43]
• The county of Champagne is integrated into the kingdom of France; the region loses its haven characteristics for foreign merchants, and the fairs of Troyes quickly dwindle into economic insignificance.^[44]

Religion

• April 2 – Pope Honorius IV succeeds Pope Martin IV, to become the 190th pope.
• Council of Blachernae: The Eastern Orthodox Church repudiates the Union with the Roman Catholic Church, declared in the Second Council of Lyon.

1286

By area

Africa

• Abu Zakariya is successful in setting a principality centered on Béjaïa, which becomes a rival of the main Hafsid entity based in Tunis.^[45]

Asia

• In the Lao kingdom of Muang Sua, King Panya Leng is overthrown in a coup d'état led by his son Panya Khamphong, which is likely to have been supported by the regionally dominant Mongol Yuan Dynasty of China.
• Kublai Khan plots a final Mongol invasion of Japan, but aborts the plan due to a lack of necessary resources.

Europe

• March 19 – King Alexander III of Scotland dies in a horse accident, with only Yolande of Dreux, Queen of Scotland's unborn child and 3-year-old Margaret, Maid of Norway as heirs; this sets the stage for the First War of Scottish Independence, and the increased influence of England over Scotland.
• King Philip IV of France imposes the gabelle – a tax on salt in the form of a state monopoly – which will become immensely unpopular and grossly unequal, but persist until 1790.
• Old Prussians resettled in Sambia stage a famous uprising.
• King Rudolph I of Germany declares all Jews to be "serfs of the Treasury", thus negating all their political freedoms.
• The Guelph Republic of Siena allows exiled Ghibelline rebels back into the city.^[46]
• The War of the Ass is fought between the Ghisi and Sanudo families, in the Duchy of the Archipelago.
• Earliest reference to the Aldersbach brewery in Lower Bavaria.

By topic

Arts and culture

• March 7 – The Catholicon, a religious Latin dictionary, is completed by John Balbi of Genoa.

1287

By place

Africa

• The Aragonese navy raids the Tunisian Kerkennah Islands.^[47]

Asia

• January 30 – Wareru creates the Hanthawaddy Kingdom in modern-day Lower Burma following collapse of the Pagan Kingdom (crowned April 5).
• c. May 14–July 16 – Kublai Khan personally leads a large force to suppress the rebel prince Nayan in Manchuria.^[48]
• December – Battle of Pagan: The Theravada Buddhist Pagan Kingdom (in modern-day Myanmar) falls to the invading armies of the Yuan dynasty.
• Kings Mangrai of the Lanna kingdom and Ram Khamhaeng of the Sukhothai Kingdom agree to a peace pact, in their region of southeast Asia (modern-day Thailand).
• Mongol Ilkhan Arghun dispatches Rabban Bar Sauma to the leaders of Europe, to negotiate an alliance against the Muslim states, specifically the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt.
• Mamluk sultan Al-Mansur Qalawun captures the port city of Latakia in present-day Syria.

Europe

• January 17 – The Treaty of San Agayz is signed. King Alfonso III of Aragon conquers the island of Menorca from the Moors.
• February – South England flood, affecting the Cinque Ports of England: A storm surge destroys the town of Old Winchelsea on Romney Marsh and nearby Broomhill. The course of the nearby River Rother is diverted away from New Romney, which is almost destroyed, ending its role as a port, with the Rother running instead to the sea at Rye, whose prospects as a port are enhanced. A cliff collapses at Hastings, ending its role as a trade harbour, and demolishing part of Hastings Castle. New Winchelsea is established on higher ground.^[49]
• March 16 and 18 – Synod and Diet of Würzburg
• June 8 – Rhys ap Maredudd revolts in Wales; the revolt will not be suppressed until 1288.
• December 14 – A huge storm and associated storm tide in the North Sea and English Channel, known as St. Lucia's flood in the Netherlands, kills thousands and reshapes the coastline of the Netherlands and England.
  • In the Netherlands, a fringing barrier between the North Sea and a shallow lake collapses, causing the fifth largest flood in recorded history, which creates the Zuider Zee inlet and kills over 50,000 people; it also gives sea access to Amsterdam, allowing its development as an important port city.
  • In England, parts of Norfolk are flooded; the port of Dunwich in Suffolk is further devastated; and in The Fens through the vehemence of the wind and the violence of the sea, the monastery of Spalding and many churches are overthrown and destroyed: "All the whole country in the parts of Holland was for the most part turned into a standing pool so that an intolerable multitude of men, women and children were overwhelmed with the water, especially in the town of Boston, a great part thereof was destroyed."^[50]
• King Edward I of England orders the expulsion of Jews from the duchy of Gascony, and confiscates their property.
• The Mongol Golden Horde, led by khan Talabuga and Nogai Khan, attacks Poland for the third time. Lublin, Mazovia, Sandomierz and Sieradz are ravaged by the invaders, who are defeated at Kraków.
• In Aragon, the Uniones, an aristocratic uprising, forces Alfonso III to make concessions to the nobility.^[51] In particular, the king grants his barons a bill of rights, known as the Privilegium Generale.^[52]
• The Bruntál coat of arms makes its first appearance.

By topic

Arts and culture

• The Altar of St. James in Pistoia Cathedral, Italy – a masterwork of the silversmithing trade containing nearly a ton of silver – is begun; it will not be completed for nearly 200 years.

Economics

• The Italian city of Siena exacts a forced loan on its taxpayers for the first time, a common feature of medieval public finance.^[53]

Religion

• Construction on Uppsala Cathedral in Sweden begins, (it lasts until 1435).

1288

By area

Asia

• April – Battle of Bạch Đằng: Đại Việt (Vietnamese) general Trần Hưng Đạo sinks the fleet of an invading Mongol army of the Yuan Dynasty, by placing steel-tipped bamboo stakes in the Bach Dang River near Ha Long Bay.
• The Japanese era Koan ends, and the Shōō era begins.
• Japan: Prince Subaru conquers the provinces of Gunma and Tochigi.
• Li Ting leads troops and portable cannon of Kublai Khan against the rebel prince Nayan, at Banlachengzi in Manchuria.^[54]

Europe

• January 20 – Newcastle Emlyn Castle in Wales is recaptured by English forces, bringing Rhys ap Maredudd's revolt to an end.
• June 5 – Battle of Worringen: John I of Brabant defeats the duchy of Guelders in one of the largest battles in Europe of the Middle Ages, thus winning possession of the Duchy of Limburg. The battle also liberates the city of Cologne from rule by the Archbishopric of Cologne; it had previously been one of the major ecclesiastical principalities of the Holy Roman Empire.
• August 8 – Pope Nicholas IV proclaims a crusade against King Ladislaus IV of Hungary, who had lost credibility by favoring his semi-pagan Cuman subjects, and in general refusing to conform to the social standards of western Europe.
• The Scots Parliament creates a law allowing women to propose marriage to men during leap years; men who refuse such proposals are required to pay a fine to the spurned bride-to-be.

By topic

Arts and culture

• The oldest surviving bell, in the clocks atop the dome of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, is built.
• Work is begun on the construction of Mob Quad in Merton College, Oxford.

Markets

• June 16 – The bishop of Västerås buys 1/8 of the Stora Kopparberg copper mine in Falun, Sweden.
• The Flemish city of Ghent seeks rights to start redeeming its already issued annuities. It is a clear indication of financial difficulty, and maybe an early sign of the crisis of the 13th Century.^[55]

Religion

• February 22 – Pope Nicholas IV succeeds Pope Honorius IV, as the 191st pope.

Technology

• The oldest known bronze handgun in the world is dated to this year, a Chinese gun found in Acheng District, that was once used to suppress the rebellion of the Christian Mongol Prince Nayan in 1287–1288.

1289

By place

America

• The 5,453 metres (17,890 ft) high volcano Popocatépetl is first ascended by members of the Tecuanipas tribe, in present-day Mexico.

Africa

• April 27 – Fall of Tripoli: Mamluk sultan Qalawun captures the County of Tripoli (in present-day Lebanon) after a month-long siege, thus extinguishing the Crusader State.

Asia

• Prince Subaru of Japan conquers the province of Saitama.

Europe

• June 11 – Battle of Campaldino: The Italian Guelph and Ghibelline factions fight; the Guelph victory secures their position of power in Florence.
• Construction of Conwy Castle, ordered by King Edward I of England, is completed in Wales.
• Jews are expelled from Gascony and Anjou in France.
• Construction of the Belaya Vezha tower in Belarus is completed.

By topic

Education

• Pope Nicholas IV formally constitutes the University of Montpellier in France by papal bull, combining various existing schools under the mantle of a single university.

Markets

• In Siena, twenty three partners, including five members of the Bonsignori family, re-create the Gran Tavola, formerly the most successful European bank, which had ceased its operations after the death of its creator and manager, Orlando Bonsignori, in 1273.^[56]

=Religion=

• Franciscan friars begin missionary work in China.

Significant people

Births

1280

• Birger, King of Sweden, Swedish monarch (d. 1321)^[57]
• Wu Zhen, Chinese painter (d. 1354)^[58]
• Approximate date
  • Anna of Kashin, Russian saint (d. 1368)^[59]
  • Musa I of Mali, West African emperor (d. c.1337)

1281

• August 4 – Külüg Khan (or Wuzong), Mongol emperor (d. 1311)
• December 25 – Alice de Lacy, English noblewoman (d. 1348)
• Agnes of Austria, queen of Hungary (House of Árpád) (d. 1364)
• Castruccio Castracani, Italian nobleman and knight (d. 1328)
• Hamdallah Mustawfi, Persian official and historian (d. 1340)
• Henry of Lancaster, English nobleman and knight (d. 1345)
• Joan Butler (or FitzGerald), countess of Carrick (d. 1320)
• John Harington, English nobleman and politician (d. 1347)
• John Stonor, English lawyer and Chief Justice (d. 1354)
• Orhan Ghazi, Turkish ruler of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1362)
• Nizamüddin Ahmed Pasha, Ottoman statesmen (d. 1380)
• Richard Grey, English nobleman and diplomat (d. 1335)
• Rudolf I, king of Bohemia (House of Habsburg) (d. 1307)
• Sancia of Majorca, queen and regent of Naples (d. 1345)
• Yuri III Danilovich, Grand Prince of Vladimir (d. 1325)
• Zhu Shizhen, founder of the Ming Dynasty (d. 1344)

1282

• February 2 – Maud Chaworth, English noblewoman (d. 1322)
• April 1 – Louis IV (the Bavarian), Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1347)
• April 15 – Frederick IV (the Fighter), German nobleman (d. 1329)
• May 5 – Juan Manuel, Spanish nobleman and prince (d. 1348)
• June 19 – Gwenllian ferch Llywelyn, princess of Wales (d. 1337)
• August 7 – Elizabeth of Rhuddlan, English princess (d. 1316)
• Alexios II (Megas Komnenos), emperor of Trebizond (d. 1330)
• Annibale di Ceccano, Italian cardinal and archbishop (d. 1350)
• Blanche of France, French princess (House of Capet) (d. 1305)
• Clare of Rimini, Italian noblewoman, nun and saint (d. 1346)
• Eric Magnusson, Swedish prince and heir apparent (d. 1318)
• Konoe Iehira, Japanese nobleman (Fujiwara Clan) (d. 1324)
• Li Shixing (or Zhun Dao), Chinese landscape painter (d. 1328)
• Nicholas Kőszegi, Hungarian prelate and bishop (d. 1336)
• Oshin, king of Cilician Armenia (House of Lampron) (d. 1320)
• Özbeg Khan, Mongol ruler of the Golden Horde (d. 1341)
• Paolo Dagomari di Prato, Italian mathematician (d. 1374)
• Spinetta Malaspina (the Great), Italian nobleman (d. 1352)

1283

• April 9 – Margaret (Maid of Norway), queen of Scotland (d. 1290)

1284

• April 25 – King Edward II of England (d. 1327)^[60]
• April 26 – Alice de Toeni, Countess of Warwick (d. 1324)
• date unknown
  • John I, Count of Holland (d. 1299)
  • Edward, Count of Savoy (d. 1329)

1285

• March 9 – Emperor Go-Nijō of Japan (d. 1308)
• May 1 – Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel, English politician (d. 1326)
• December 6 – King Ferdinand IV of Castile (d. 1312)^[61]
• date unknown
  • Al-Nasr Muhammad, sultan of Egypt (d. 1341)
  • Ziauddin Barani, historian and political thinker of the Delhi Sultanate (d. 1357)
  • Patrick Dunbar, 9th Earl of Dunbar (d. 1369)
  • William of Ockham, English philosopher and theologian ( d. 1347)

1286

• March 8 – John III, Duke of Brittany (d. 1341)
• June 30 – John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey, English nobleman (d. 1347)
• date unknown – John Palaiologos, Byzantine prince and governor of Thessalonica (d. 1307)
  • Princess Shōshi of Japan (d. 1348)
• probable
  • Sir James Douglas, Scottish patriot (d. 1330)
  • Hugh Despenser the Younger, English heir of Hugh le Despenser (d. 1326)
  • William I, Count of Hainaut (d. 1337)
  • John Clyn, Irish chronicler

1287

• January 24 – Richard Aungerville, English writer and bishop (d. 1345)
• April 25 – Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, de facto ruler of England (d. 1330)
• Robert III of Artois, French ruler
• Margaret of Castello, Italian Dominican (d. 1320)
• Wang Mian, Chinese painter (d. 1359)
• Ibn Nubata, Arab poet (d. 1366)^[62]

1288

Emperor Go-Fushimi

Emperor Go-Daigo

• April 5 – Emperor Go-Fushimi of Japan (d. 1336)
• November 26 – Emperor Go-Daigo of Japan (d. 1339)
• Blanche of Burgundy, Countess of Savoy (d. 1348)
• Gersonides, French Jewish philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer (d. 1344)
• Ivan I of Russia (d. 1340)

1289

• October 4 – King Louis X of France (d. 1316)
• October 6 – King Wenceslaus III of Bohemia (d. 1306)
• Joan of Artois, Countess of Foix (b. 1350)

Deaths

1280

• February 10 – Margaret II, Countess of Flanders (b. 1202)^[63]
• May 9 – Magnus VI of Norway^[64]
• August 22 – Pope Nicholas III (b. 1218)^[65]
• November 15 – Albertus Magnus, German theologian^[66]
• January 1 – Ertuğrul father of Osman I^[67]

1281

• January 30 – Takakura, emperor of Japan (House of Yamato) (b. 1161)
• February 16 – Gertrude of Hohenberg, queen of Germany (b. 1225)
• March 20 – Chabi, Mongol empress and wife of Kublai Khan (b. 1225)
• March 30 – Conrad of Mure, Swiss monk, scholar and writer (b. 1210)
• April 4 – Maurice de Berkeley, English nobleman and knight (b. 1218)
• September 10 – John II, margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal (b. 1237)
• September 20 – Reinhard I, German nobleman and knight (b. 1225)
• October 8 – Constance of Greater Poland, Polish princess (b. 1245)
• December 24 – Henry V (the Great), count of Luxembourg (b. 1216)
• Alfonso Fernández el Niño, Spanish nobleman and prince (b. 1243)
• Anna of Hungary, Byzantine empress (House of Árpád) (b. 1260)
• Bruno von Schauenburg, German bishop, advisor and diplomat
• Ertuğrul Ghazi, Turkish ruler of the Sultanate of Rum (b. 1198)
• Sheikh Yusof Sarvestani, Persian astronomer and calligrapher
• Xu Heng, Chinese scholar, official and philosopher (b. 1209)

1282

• January 8 – Hōjō Yoshimasa, Japanese nobleman (b. 1243)
• February 22 – Guiscardo Suardi, Italian prelate and bishop
• February 24 – Philippe Mouskes, French bishop and writer
• March 2 – Agnes of Bohemia, Bohemian princess (b. 1211)
• March 22 – Benvenutus Scotivoli, Italian priest and bishop
• April 4
  • Abaqa Khan, Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate (b. 1234)
  • Bernard Ayglerius (or Aygler), French cardinal (b. 1216)
• April 10 – Ahmad Fanakati, Persian minister and politician
• April 26 – Möngke Temür, Mongol ruler of Shiraz (b. 1256)
• April 29 – Guillaume de Bray, French prelate and cardinal
• May 16 – Thomas III, Savoyan nobleman (House of Savoy)
• June 19 – Eleanor de Montfort, princess of Wales (b. 1252)
• August 25 – Thomas de Cantilupe, English bishop (b. 1218)
• September 9 – Ingrid of Skänninge, Swedish noblewoman
• October 13 – Nichiren, Japanese Buddhist priest (b. 1222)
• October 27 – Roger Mortimer, English nobleman (b. 1231)
• October 30 – Ibn Khallikan, Barmakid historian (b. 1211)
• November 6
  • Luke de Tany, English nobleman and seneschal
  • Roger de Clifford, English nobleman and knight
• December 11
  • Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, prince of Wales (b. 1223)
  • Michael VIII (Palaiologos), Byzantine emperor^[68]
• December 17 – Wichard of Pohlheim, German bishop
• Alice de la Roche, Outremer noblewoman and regent
• Benedetto Sinigardi, Italian Franciscan friar (b. 1190)
• George Akropolites, Byzantine historian and statesman
• Hugh de Benin (or Benhyem), Scottish cleric and bishop
• Isabella of Ibelin, Outremer noblewoman (House of Ibelin)
• Margaret Sambiria, Danish queen and regent (b. 1230)
• Robert IV, French nobleman (House of Dreux) (b. 1241)
• Robert de Neville, English nobleman and knight (b. 1223)

1283

• January 9 – Wen Tianxiang, Chinese poet and politician (b. 1236)
• April 9 – Margaret (Maid of Scotland), queen of Norway (b. 1261)
• October 3 – Dafydd ap Gruffydd (or David), prince of Wales (b. 1238)
• November 30 – John of Vercelli, Italian Master General (b. 1205)
• December 15 – Philip I (or Courtenay), Latine emperor (b. 1243)
• Kutlugh Turkan, Mongol noblewoman, ruler and regent (b. 1208)
• Piotr of Bogoria and Skotnik, Polish nobleman (House of Bogoria)

1284

• March 24 – Hugh III of Cyprus (b. 1235)
• April – Adelaide of Holland, regent of Holland (b. c.1230)
• April 4 – King Alfonso X of Castile (b. 1221)
• April 20 – Hōjō Tokimune, regent of Japan (b. 1251)
• August 10 – Tekuder, Khan of the Mongol Ilkhanate (executed)
• August 19 – Alphonso, Earl of Chester, son of Edward I of England (b. 1273)
• December – Irene Komnene Palaiologina (Eulogia), member of the Byzantine imperial family and nun (b. c.1218)

1285

• January 7 – King Charles I of Naples (b. 1227)
• February 8 – Theodoric of Landsberg (b. 1242)
• March 28 – Pope Martin IV
• May 13 – Robert de Ros, 1st Baron de Ros
• May 20 – John I of Cyprus (b. 1259)
• July 7 – Tile Kolup, German impostor claiming to be Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (executed)
• August 16 – Philip I, Count of Savoy (b. 1207)
• September 9 – Kunigunda of Halych, queen regent of Bohemia (b. 1245)
• October 5 – King Philip III of France (b. 1245)
• November 11 – King Peter III of Aragon (b. 1239)
• date unknown
  • Daumantas, Grand Prince of Lithuania
  • Rutebeuf, French troubadour
  • Izz al-Din ibn Shaddad, Syrian Arab historian (b. 1217)

1286

• January 4 – Anna Komnene Doukaina, Princess of Achaea
• March 19 – Alexander III of Scotland (b. 1241)^[69]
• June 16 – Hugh de Balsham, Bishop of Ely
• July 30 – Bar Hebraeus, Syrian scholar (b. 1226)
• October 8 – John I, Duke of Brittany (b. 1217)
• November 9 – Roger Northwode, English statesman (b. 1230)
• November 22 – Eric V of Denmark (b. 1249)^[70]
• date unknown – William of Moerbeke, English Dominican classicist (b. 1215)
• date unknown – Sophia of Denmark, queen consort of Sweden (d. 1241)

1287

• March – Ingeborg of Denmark, Queen of Norway
• April 3 – Pope Honorius IV^[71]
• August 31 – Konrad von Würzburg, German poet
• October 19 – Bohemond VII, Count of Tripoli
• Llywelyn ap Dafydd, Welsh prince (in his prison at Bristol Castle)

1288

• April 24 – Gertrude of Austria, duchess and claimant (b. 1226)
• July 3 – Stephen de Fulbourn, Irish cleric and politician
• September 30 – Leszek II the Black, Polish prince, Duke of Łęczyca, Sieradz, Kraków, Sandomierz (b. 1241)
• November 19 – Rudolf I, Margrave of Baden-Baden (b. 1230)
• date unknown
  • Ibn Nafis, Syrian Arabic anatomist, discoverer of the circulation of the blood (b. 1210)
  • Guy de Montfort, Count of Nola (approximate date; b. 1244)

1289

• January 16 – Buqa, Mongol minister
• March 10 – Maud de Lacy, Countess of Hertford and Gloucester, English noble (b. 1223)
• March 12 – King Demetrius II of Georgia (b. 1259)
• King Leo III of Armenia
• Petrus de Dacia, Swedish monk and author
• Ugolino della Gherardesca, Italian politician and naval commander
• Ippen, Japanese monk (b. 1239)
• Gruffydd Fychan I, last ruling prince of Powys Fadog
• Rudhramadevi,queen of the Kakatiya dynasty in India