Ethnic origins of people in Canada
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According to the 2021 Canadian census, over 450 "ethnic or cultural origins" were self-reported by Canadians.[2] The major panethnic origin groups in Canada are: European (52.5%), North American (22.9%), Asian (19.3%), North American Indigenous (6.1%), African (3.8%), Latin, Central and South American (2.5%), Caribbean (2.1%), Oceanian (0.3%), and Other (6%).[2][3] Statistics Canada reports that 35.5% of the population reported multiple ethnic origins, thus the overall total is greater than 100%.[2][lower-alpha 1]
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The country's ten largest self-reported specific ethnic or cultural origins in 2021 were Canadian[lower-alpha 2] (accounting for 15.6 percent of the population), followed by English (14.7 percent), Irish (12.1 percent), Scottish (12.1 percent), French (11.0 percent), German (8.1 percent), Chinese (4.7 percent), Italian (4.3 percent), Indian (3.7 percent), and Ukrainian (3.5 percent).[7][3]
Of the 36.3 million people enumerated in 2021 approximately 25.4 million reported being white, representing 69.8 percent of the population.[2][8] The indigenous population representing 5 percent or 1.8 million individuals, grew by 9.4 percent compared to the non-Indigenous population, which grew by 5.3 percent from 2016 to 2021.[9] One out of every four Canadians or 26.5 percent of the population belonged to a non-White and non-Indigenous visible minority,[8][lower-alpha 3] the largest of which in 2021 were South Asian (2.6 million people; 7.1 percent), Chinese (1.7 million; 4.7 percent) and Black (1.5 million; 4.3 percent).[2]
Between 2011 and 2016, the visible minority population rose by 18.4 percent.[11] In 1961, less than two percent of Canada's population (about 300,000 people) were members of visible minority groups.[12] The 2021 census indicated that 8.3 million people, or almost one-quarter (23.0 percent) of the population reported themselves as being or having been a landed immigrant or permanent resident in Canada—above the 1921 census previous record of 22.3 percent.[13] In 2021, India, China, and the Philippines were the top three countries of origin for immigrants moving to Canada.[14]
The 2020 General Social Survey revealed that 92% of adult Canadians said that "[ethnic] diversity is a Canadian value".[15] About 25% of Canadians were "racialized";[2] By 2021, 23% of the Canadian population were immigrants—the "largest proportion since Confederation", according to Statistics Canada.[15][16] Prior to the early 1970s, most new Canadians came from Europe. Since then, more immigrants have come from Asia, the Middle East, and Africa.[15] In 2021, most immigrants came from Asia, which includes the Middle East.[15] About 25% of Canadians were "racialized";[2] By 2021, almost 5% of Canadians self-identify as Muslim.[2][16] Almost a million Canadians self-identified as Indigenous.[16]
Listed below are the ethnic groups of Canadian residents (citizens, landed immigrants and non-citizen temporary residents) as self-identified in the 2016 census in which approximately 35,151,000 census forms were completed). The relevant census question asked for "the ethnic or cultural origins" of the respondent's ancestors and not the respondents themselves. As data were collected by self-declaration, ethnic groups may not necessarily correspond to the true ancestry of respondents.[17] Many respondents acknowledged multiple ancestries. These people were added to the "multiple origin" total for each origin listed. These include responses as varied as a respondent who listed eight different origins and a respondent who answered "French Canadian" (leading to them being counted once for "French" and once for "Canadian"). As with all self-reported data, understanding of the question may have varied from respondent to respondent.
Canadian/Canadien English Irish Scottish French German Chinese Indian Ukrainian |
Métis Acadian Mennonite Inuit Cree Ojibway Dene Heiltsuk |
Ethnicity[19] | Combined responses[19] |
As single response[19] |
One of multiple responses[19] |
---|---|---|---|
Canadian[lower-alpha 2] | 11,135,965 | 6,436,940 | 4,699,030 |
English | 6,320,085 | 1,098,930 | 5,221,150 |
Scottish | 4,799,010 | 475,575 | 4,323,430 |
French | 4,670,595 | 1,006,180 | 3,664,415 |
Irish | 4,627,000 | 457,905 | 4,169,095 |
German | 3,322,405 | 569,650 | 2,752,750 |
Chinese | 1,769,195 | 1,439,980 | 329,215 |
Italian | 1,587,970 | 695,420 | 892,550 |
First Nations[lower-alpha 4] | 1,525,565 | 526,570 | 999,000 |
Indian | 1,374,710 | 1,096,845 | 277,865 |
Ukrainian | 1,359,655 | 273,810 | 1,085,845 |
Dutch | 1,111,655 | 289,675 | 821,980 |
Polish | 1,106,585 | 264,415 | 842,170 |
Filipino | 837,130 | 651,390 | 185,740 |
British Isles, not included elsewhere | 644,695 | 132,830 | 511,865 |
Russian | 622,445 | 120,165 | 502,280 |
Métis | 600,000 | 91,255 | 508,740 |
Portuguese | 482,610 | 264,815 | 217,790 |
Welsh | 474,805 | 25,190 | 449,615 |
Norwegian | 463,275 | 35,905 | 427,370 |
Spanish | 396,460 | 70,330 | 326,130 |
American | 377,410 | 29,590 | 347,810 |
Swedish | 349,640 | 21,775 | 327,870 |
Hungarian (Magyar) | 348,085 | 83,400 | 264,685 |
Jamaican | 309,485 | 161,495 | 147,995 |
Greek | 271,405 | 141,580 | 129,830 |
Vietnamese | 240,615 | 165,385 | 75,225 |
Romanian | 238,050 | 96,910 | 141,145 |
Lebanese | 219,555 | 130,590 | 88,965 |
Pakistani | 215,555 | 156,300 | 59,255 |
African, not included elsewhere | 212,005 | 76,790 | 135,210 |
Iranian | 210,405 | 170,755 | 39,650 |
Danish | 207,470 | 26,985 | 180,485 |
Austrian | 207,050 | 20,225 | 186,820 |
Ethnicity[19] | Combined responses[19] |
As single response[19] |
One of multiple responses per respondent[19] |
---|---|---|---|
Korean | 198,210 | 177,920 | 20,285 |
Québécois | 194,555 | 119,985 | 74,575 |
Belgian | 186,665 | 31,765 | 154,895 |
Haitian | 165,100 | 125,780 | 39,320 |
Swiss | 155,120 | 25,235 | 129,885 |
Sri Lankan | 152,590 | 114,120 | 38,475 |
Jewish | 143,660 | 39,710 | 103,950 |
Finnish | 143,645 | 25,875 | 117,765 |
Croatian | 133,965 | 55,595 | 78,370 |
Mexican | 128,480 | 54,300 | 74,180 |
Japanese | 121,485 | 56,725 | 64,760 |
Acadian | 119,670 | 22,980 | 96,690 |
Punjabi, not included elsewhere | 118,400 | 71,535 | 46,860 |
Arab, not included elsewhere | 111,405 | 73,330 | 38,070 |
Czech | 104,585 | 23,250 | 81,330 |
Moroccan | 103,945 | 72,625 | 31,320 |
Icelandic | 101,795 | 8,630 | 93,165 |
Egyptian | 99,140 | 62,910 | 36,230 |
Serbian | 96,535 | 52,730 | 43,800 |
Colombian | 96,325 | 69,040 | 27,285 |
Guyanese | 84,275 | 30,825 | 53,445 |
Afghan | 83,995 | 70,240 | 13,755 |
Inuit | 79,130 | 44,760 | 34,37 |
Trinidadian/Tobagonian | 78,965 | 23,900 | 55,065 |
Syrian | 77,050 | 43,685 | 33,36 |
South Asian, not included elsewhere | 76,400 | 55,445 | 20,955 |
Slovak | 72,290 | 20,475 | 51,815 |
Iraqi | 70,925 | 54,555 | 16,365 |
West Indian | 70,275 | 30,260 | 40,010 |
European, not included elsewhere | 67,895 | 33,360 | 34,53 |
Algerian | 67,330 | 49,520 | 17,810 |
Salvadorean | 66,215 | 40,510 | 25,705 |
Turk | 63,955 | 29,885 | 34,070 |
Armenian | 63,810 | 34,560 | 29,250 |
Somali | 62,550 | 54,750 | 7,790 |
Lithuanian | 59,285 | 11,185 | 48,095 |
Scandinavian, not included elsewhere | 52,785 | 5,085 | 47,695 |
Nigerian | 51,835 | 38,165 | 13,670 |
Tamil not included elsewhere | 48,670 | 22,145 | 26,525 |
Bangladeshi | 58,735 | 45,945 | 39,255 |
Chilean | 45,190 | 18,685 | 26,510 |
Palestinian | 44,820 | 25,195 | 19,630 |
Ethiopian | 44,060 | 34,260 | 9,805 |
Macedonian | 43,110 | 18,405 | 24,705 |
Australian | 42,315 | 4,520 | 37,800 |
Peruvian | 42,145 | 20,645 | 21,500 |
Maltese | 41,915 | 12,820 | 29,100 |
South African | 41,380 | 8,005 | 33,37 |
Czechoslovakian, not otherwise specified | 40,715 | 5,075 | 35,640 |
Slovenian | 40,470 | 13,690 | 26,78 |
Cambodian | 38,490 | 21,445 | 17,045 |
Yugoslav not included elsewhere | 38,480 | 8,570 | 29,91 |
Congolese | 38,370 | 29,675 | 8,685 |
Barbadian | 37,775 | 11,605 | 26,170 |
Berber | 37,060 | 22,965 | 14,100 |
Brazilian | 36,830 | 11,035 | 25,795 |
Taiwanese | 36,515 | 23,260 | 13,250 |
Albanian | 36,185 | 28,425 | 7,760 |
Ghanaian | 35,495 | 26,535 | 8,960 |
Bulgarian | 34,560 | 19,965 | 14,595 |
Latvian | 30,725 | 7,040 | 23,685 |
Black | 30,385 | 5,535 | 24,855 |
Cuban | 29,065 | 10,040 | 19,030 |
Israeli | 28,740 | 6,450 | 22,280 |
Latin, Central or South American, not included elsewhere | 28,455 | 14,295 | 14,155 |
Caribbean, not included elsewhere | 26,830 | 8,930 | 17,900 |
Bosnian | 26,740 | 15,610 | 11,125 |
Venezuelan | 26,345 | 10,305 | 16,040 |
Guatemalan | 26,270 | 13,905 | 12,370 |
Tunisian | 25,650 | 17,620 | 8,030 |
Ecuadorian | 25,410 | 13,925 | 11,485 |
West Asian, not included elsewhere | 25,285 | 13,430 | 11,855 |
Eritrean | 25,255 | 20,625 | 4,630 |
Cameroonian | 24,615 | 20,605 | 4,010 |
Laotian | 24,580 | 13,375 | 11,205 |
Estonian | 24,530 | 6,155 | 18,375 |
Dominican | 23,130 | 9,930 | 13,200 |
Bengali | 22,905 | 18,435 | 4,470 |
Asian, not otherwise specified | 22,740 | 15,760 | 6,980 |
Aboriginal from Central/South America | 22,720 | 2,080 | 20,645 |
Newfoundlander | 22,215 | 4,895 | 17,325 |
Indonesian | 21,395 | 4,775 | 16,615 |
Belarusian | 20,710 | 5,125 | 15,585 |
Argentinian | 20,680 | 4,165 | 16,510 |
Eastern European, not included elsewhere | 20,420 | 5,875 | 14,545 |
Sudanese | 19,960 | 15,250 | 4,710 |
Fijian | 19,370 | 8,270 | 11,105 |
Thai | 19,005 | 7,740 | 11,265 |
Grenadian | 17,915 | 7,515 | 10,400 |
Vincentian/Grenadinian | 17,425 | 7,245 | 10,180 |
East African | 17,305 | 7,220 | 10,085 |
Nepali | 17,135 | 13,695 | 3,440 |
Malaysian | 16,920 | 2,555 | 14,365 |
Kurdish | 16,320 | 10,470 | 5,845 |
New Zealander | 15,395 | 1,300 | 14,095 |
Central and West African origins, not included elsewhere | 15,380 | 7,800 | 7,585 |
Moldovan | 14,915 | 7,415 | 7,505 |
Jordanian | 14,250 | 7,955 | 6,295 |
Assyrian | 13,830 | 8,870 | 4,960 |
Nicaraguan | 13,705 | 6,360 | 7,350 |
Breton | 11,845 | 3,230 | 8,615 |
Flemish | 11,685 | 1,485 | 10,200 |
Hispanic | 11,050 | 5,660 | 5,395 |
Burundian | 10,990 | 8,965 | 2,025 |
Ivoirean | 10,935 | 7,795 | 3,140 |
Kenyan | 10,915 | 5,445 | 5,465 |
Rwandan | 10,775 | 8,080 | 2,690 |
Honduran | 10,650 | 5,325 | 5,325 |
Senegalese | 10,175 | 6,490 | 3,685 |
Yoruba | 9,585 | 6,870 | 2,715 |
Burmese | 9,335 | 4,660 | 4,675 |
Mauritanian | 9,325 | 3,520 | 5,805 |
St. Lucian | 8,985 | 4,040 | 4,945 |
Gujarati | 8,350 | 5,290 | 3,060 |
Zimbabwean | 8,090 | 4,945 | 3,140 |
Tibetan | 8,040 | 7,015 | 1,030 |
Libyan | 7,745 | 5,755 | 1,985 |
Mongolian | 7,480 | 2,555 | 4,925 |
Sinhalese | 7,285 | 4,355 | 2,930 |
Guinean | 7,240 | 4,705 | 2,540 |
Basque | 6,970 | 715 | 6,250 |
Sicilian | 6,940 | 1,345 | 5,600 |
Saudi Arabian | 6,810 | 4,200 | 2,615 |
Uruguayan | 6,795 | 1,810 | 4,985 |
Yemeni | 6,640 | 2,940 | 3,700 |
East or Southeast Asian, not included elsewhere | 6,505 | 4,235 | 2,270 |
Azerbaijani | 6,425 | 2,280 | 4,145 |
Maya | 6,290 | 1,180 | 5,105 |
Manx | 6,125 | 285 | 5,845 |
North African, not included elsewhere | 6,115 | 2,905 | 3,210 |
Goan | 6,070 | 2,040 | 4,030 |
Ugandan | 5,705 | 3,245 | 2,460 |
Cypriot | 5,650 | 1,265 | 4,385 |
Costa Rican | 5,535 | 2,140 | 3,395 |
Igbo | 5,320 | 3,475 | 1,845 |
Togolese | 5,300 | 3,095 | 2,205 |
Bolivian | 5,055 | 1,890 | 3,160 |
Beninese | 4,990 | 2,650 | 2,340 |
Slavic, not otherwise specified | 4,870 | 1,470 | 3,400 |
Tatar | 4,825 | 880 | 3,940 |
Pashtun | 4,810 | 2,245 | 2,565 |
Georgian | 4,775 | 1,900 | 2,875 |
Yakut | 4,761 | 1,886 | 2,875 |
Tanzanian | 4,710 | 1,835 | 2,875 |
Panamanian | 4,700 | 1,090 | 3,610 |
Roma (Gypsy) | 4,630 | 745 | 3,895 |
Frisian | 4,590 | 795 | 3,790 |
Karen | 4,515 | 3,835 | 680 |
Antiguan | 4,505 | 1,275 | 3,225 |
Malagasy | 4,500 | 2,155 | 2,345 |
Malian | 4,485 | 2,310 | 2,180 |
Paraguayan | 4,325 | 670 | 3,660 |
Montenegrin | 4,165 | 915 | 3,245 |
Bantu, not otherwise specified | 3,965 | 2,315 | 1,645 |
Uzbek | 3,920 | 1,730 | 2,190 |
Luxembourger | 3,915 | 440 | 3,475 |
Bahamian | 3,670 | 810 | 2,860 |
Bhutanese | 3,600 | 2,440 | 1,160 |
Channel Islander | 3,590 | 435 | 3,155 |
Coptic | 3,535 | 1,490 | 2,040 |
Puerto Rican | 3,410 | 445 | 2,960 |
Western European origins, not included elsewhere | 3,370 | 840 | 2,530 |
Oromo | 3,355 | 2,410 | 945 |
Kazakh | 3,325 | 1,465 | 1,860 |
Hawaiian | 3,295 | 120 | 3,175 |
Burkinabe | 3,155 | 1,980 | 1,165 |
Kashmiri | 3,115 | 1,095 | 2,020 |
Bermudan | 3,075 | 310 | 2,765 |
Carib | 3,035 | 130 | 2,905 |
Angolan | 2,955 | 1,140 | 1,820 |
Kittitian/Nevisian | 2,920 | 750 | 2,165 |
Tajik | 2,910 | 1,240 | 1,665 |
Kosovar | 2,870 | 1,710 | 1,160 |
Singaporean | 2,850 | 495 | 2,355 |
Alsatian | 2,800 | 375 | 2,425 |
Sierra Leonean | 2,620 | 1,580 | 1,040 |
Maori | 2,500 | 155 | 2,345 |
Liberian | 2,485 | 1,520 | 965 |
Peulh | 2,440 | 1,425 | 1,015 |
Pacific Islands origins, not included elsewhere | 2,335 | 470 | 1,865 |
Kuwaiti | 2,235 | 1,080 | 1,155 |
Southern European origins, not included elsewhere | 2,165 | 440 | 1,730 |
Tigrian | 2,155 | 1,340 | 810 |
Martinican | 2,005 | 370 | 1,635 |
Cornish | 1,970 | 120 | 1,855 |
Akan | 1,955 | 1,235 | 720 |
Edo | 1,945 | 1,180 | 765 |
Other North American origins, not included elsewhere | 1,895 | 655 | 1,240 |
Afrikaner | 1,870 | 280 | 1,595 |
Zambian | 1,865 | 1,055 | 805 |
Chadian | 1,845 | 1,185 | 655 |
Belizean | 1,755 | 250 | 1,505 |
Corsican | 1,750 | 165 | 1,590 |
Djiboutian | 1,710 | 980 | 730 |
Ashanti | 1,585 | 765 | 825 |
Uighur | 1,555 | 1,010 | 540 |
Amhara | 1,530 | 710 | 820 |
Samoan | 1,530 | 150 | 1,375 |
Hazara | 1,515 | 585 | 930 |
Arawak | 1,440 | 55 | 1,385 |
Gabonese | 1,405 | 595 | 820 |
Seychellois | 1,285 | 575 | 710 |
Catalan | 1,275 | 200 | 1,075 |
Maure | 1,190 | 400 | 790 |
Guadeloupean | 1,130 | 245 | 885 |
Malinké | 1,120 | 675 | 455 |
Polynesian, not otherwise specified | 1,105 | 90 | 1,015 |
Kyrgyz | 1,060 | 580 | 475 |
Turkmen | 1,040 | 390 | 655 |
Gambian | 975 | 580 | 395 |
Zulu | 945 | 285 | 660 |
Bavarian | 940 | 50 | 890 |
Montserratian | 935 | 190 | 745 |
Dinka | 900 | 585 | 320 |
Ewe | 845 | 320 | 525 |
Wolof | 835 | 465 | 375 |
Hmong | 810 | 585 | 220 |
Harari | 660 | 395 | 265 |
Chechen | 100 | 100 | 100 |