1904
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1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1904th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 904th year of the 2nd millennium, the 4th year of the 20th century, and the 5th year of the 1900s decade. As of the start of 1904, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Quick Facts
Gregorian calendar | 1904 MCMIV |
Ab urbe condita | 2657 |
Armenian calendar | 1353 ԹՎ ՌՅԾԳ |
Assyrian calendar | 6654 |
Baháʼí calendar | 60–61 |
Balinese saka calendar | 1825–1826 |
Bengali calendar | 1311 |
Berber calendar | 2854 |
British Regnal year | 3 Edw. 7 – 4 Edw. 7 |
Buddhist calendar | 2448 |
Burmese calendar | 1266 |
Byzantine calendar | 7412–7413 |
Chinese calendar | 癸卯年 (Water Rabbit) 4601 or 4394 — to — 甲辰年 (Wood Dragon) 4602 or 4395 |
Coptic calendar | 1620–1621 |
Discordian calendar | 3070 |
Ethiopian calendar | 1896–1897 |
Hebrew calendar | 5664–5665 |
Hindu calendars | |
- Vikram Samvat | 1960–1961 |
- Shaka Samvat | 1825–1826 |
- Kali Yuga | 5004–5005 |
Holocene calendar | 11904 |
Igbo calendar | 904–905 |
Iranian calendar | 1282–1283 |
Islamic calendar | 1321–1322 |
Japanese calendar | Meiji 37 (明治37年) |
Javanese calendar | 1833–1834 |
Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
Korean calendar | 4237 |
Minguo calendar | 8 before ROC 民前8年 |
Nanakshahi calendar | 436 |
Thai solar calendar | 2446–2447 |
Tibetan calendar | 阴水兔年 (female Water-Rabbit) 2030 or 1649 or 877 — to — 阳木龙年 (male Wood-Dragon) 2031 or 1650 or 878 |
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January
Main article: January 1904
- January 7 – The distress signal CQD is established,[1] only to be replaced 2 years later by SOS.[2]
- January 8 – The Blackstone Library is dedicated, marking the beginning of the Chicago Public Library system.[3]
- January 12 – The Herero Wars in German South West Africa begin.[4]
- January 17 – Anton Chekhov's last play, The Cherry Orchard («Вишнëвый сад», Vishnevyi sad), opens at the Moscow Art Theatre directed by Constantin Stanislavski, 6 month's before the author's death.
- January 23 – The Ålesund fire destroys most buildings in the town of Ålesund, Norway, leaving about 10,000 people without shelter.[5][6]
- January 25 – Halford Mackinder presents a paper on "The Geographical Pivot of History" to the Royal Geographical Society of London in which he formulates the Heartland Theory, originating the study of geopolitics.[7]
February
Main article: February 1904
- February 7 – The Great Baltimore Fire in Baltimore, Maryland, destroys over 1,500 buildings in 31 hours.[8]
- February 8–9 – Battle of Port Arthur: A surprise Japanese naval attack on Port Arthur (Lüshun) in Manchuria starts the Russo-Japanese War.[9][10]
- February 10 – Roger Casement publishes his account of Belgian atrocities in the Congo.
- February 17 – Puccini's opera Madama Butterfly, with a background theme of Japan–United States relations, debuts at La Scala in Milan, to no great acclaim. On May 28 a revised version opens in Brescia, to huge success.[11]
- February 23 – For $10 million, the United States gains control of the Panama Canal Zone.[12]
- February 26 – The Wisconsin State Capitol, in Madison, Wisconsin, is almost entirely destroyed by fire after a gas jet ignites the newly varnished ceiling.[13]
March
Main article: March 1904
- March 3 – Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany becomes the first person to make a recording of a political document, using Thomas Edison's cylinder.
- March 4 – Russo-Japanese War: Russian troops in Korea retreat toward Manchuria, followed by 100,000 Japanese troops.[14][15]
- March 6 – Scottish National Antarctic Expedition: Led by William Speirs Bruce, the Antarctic region of Coats Land is discovered from the Scotia.[16]
- March 26 – 20,000 demonstrators gather in Hyde Park, London, to protest against the importation of Chinese labourers to South African gold mines.[17]
- March 31 – British expedition to Tibet: The Battle of Guru – British troops under Colonel Francis Younghusband defeat ill-equipped Tibetan troops.[18][19][20]
April
Main article: April 1904
- April 4 – 1904 Kresna earthquakes: two earthquakes strike near Kresna, Bulgaria, killing at least 200 people.[21]
- April 6 – Joseph F. Smith announces the Second Manifesto in General Conference of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah Territory, prohibiting the practice of polygamy, which has continued to be sanctioned by some of its leaders in violation of the 1890 Manifesto officially banning the practice.[22]
- April 8
- The Entente Cordiale is signed between the UK and France.[23][24]
- Longacre Square in Midtown Manhattan is renamed Times Square, after The New York Times.[25]
- April 8–10 – Aleister Crowley writes Liber Al vel Legis, better known as The Book of the Law, a text central to Thelema, in Cairo.[26]
- April 19 – The Great Fire of Toronto destroys much of the city's downtown, but there are no fatalities.[27][28][29][30]
- April 27 – The Australian Labor Party becomes the first such party to gain national government, under Chris Watson.[31][32]
- April 30 – The Louisiana Purchase Exposition World's Fair opens in St. Louis, Missouri (closes December 1).[33][34][35][36][37]
May
Main article: May 1904
- May 4
- United States Army engineers begin work on the Panama Canal.[38]
- Charles Rolls and Henry Royce meet for the first time, in Manchester (England), to agree production of Rolls-Royce motor cars; the first produced under their joint names in Manchester are launched in December.[39]
- German Association football club FC Schalke 04 is established.[40]
- May 5
- British expedition to Tibet: Hundreds of Tibetans attack the British camp at Changlo, and hold the advantage for a while, before being defeated by superior weapons, and losing at least 200 men.[41]
- Pitching against the Philadelphia Athletics, Cy Young of the Boston Americans throws the first perfect game in the modern era of baseball.[42]
- May 9 – Great Western Railway of England 3700 Class 3440 City of Truro possibly becomes the first railway locomotive to exceed 100 miles per hour (160 km/h).[43]
- May 15 – Russo-Japanese War: Russian minelayer Amur lays a minefield about 15 miles (24 km) off Port Arthur, and sinks Japan's battleships Hatsuse, 15,000 tons with 496 crew, and Yashima. On the same day, the Japanese protected cruiser Yoshino sinks after being accidentally rammed by the armored cruiser Kasuga, killing over 270 crew, including Captain Sayegi and his second-in-command, Commander Hirowateri.[44] Japan will keep the loss of Yashima secret for over a year.[45]
- May 21 – The International Federation of Association Football, FIFA, is established.[46]
- May 30 – Alpha Gamma Delta, which becomes an international sorority, is founded by 11 women at Syracuse University.[47]
June
Main article: June 1904
- June 3 – The International Alliance of Women is founded.[citation needed]
- June 15 – A fire aboard the steamboat General Slocum in New York City's East River kills 1,021.[48]
- June 16
- Finnish nationalist Eugen Schauman assassinates Nikolay Bobrikov, the Russian Governor-General of Finland, in Helsinki.[49]
- The original "Bloomsday", the day James Joyce first walks out with his future wife Nora Barnacle (whom he first met on June 10), to the Dublin suburb of Ringsend. He sets the action of his novel Ulysses (1922) on this date.[50]
- June 28
- Danish ocean liner SS Norge runs aground and sinks close to Rockall, killing approximately 627 people, many of whom are Russian-Polish and Scandinavian emigrants.[51][52]
- The original icon of Our Lady of Kazan is stolen and subsequently destroyed in Russia.[53]
- English Association football club Hull City A.F.C. is established.
- June 29 – The 1904 Moscow tornado occurs.[54]
July
Main article: July 1904
- July – Pavlos Melas enters Macedonia with a small unit of men during the Macedonian Struggle.
- July 1 – The third Modern Olympic Games open in St. Louis, Missouri, United States, as part of the World's Fair.[55]
- July 22 – The first 2,000 of 62,000 contracted Chinese coolies arrive at Durban in South Africa from Qinhuangdao to relieve the shortage of unskilled labourers in the Transvaal Colony gold mines, recruited and shipped by the Chinese Engineering and Mining Corporation (CEMC), of which Herbert Hoover is a director.[56]
- July 23 – A continuous track tractor is patented by David Roberts of Richard Hornsby & Sons of Grantham in England.[57]
August
Main article: August 1904
- August 3 – British expedition to Tibet: The British expedition under Colonel Francis Younghusband takes Lhasa, Tibet.
- August 11 – Battle of Waterberg: Lothar von Trotha defeats the Herero people in German South West Africa, and drives them into the Omaheke desert, starting the Herero and Namaqua genocide.
- August 14 – Ismael Montes becomes President of Bolivia.
- August 17 – Russo-Japanese War: A Japanese infantry charge fails to take Port Arthur.
- August 18 – Chris Watson resigns as the first Labor Prime Minister of Australia and is succeeded by George Reid (Free Trade Party).
- August 24 – Faroese Association football club Klaksvíkar Ítróttarfelag is established.
- Summer – Henri Matisse paints Luxe, Calme et Volupté at Saint-Tropez; it will be considered the starting point of Fauvism.[58]
September
- September – Stuyvesant High School opens in New York City as Manhattan's first manual trade school for boys.
- September 1 – Griffin Park football ground, home of Brentford F.C., opens in London.
- September 2 – John Voss sails the rigged dugout canoe Tilikum into the River Thames in England after a 3-year voyage from Victoria, British Columbia, westabout.
- September 7 – British expedition to Tibet: The Dalai Lama signs the Anglo-Tibetan Treaty with Colonel Francis Younghusband.
- September 17 – An early study on the relationship between alcohol and cardiovascular disease is published in the United States.[59]
- September 26 – New Zealand dolphin Pelorus Jack is individually protected by Order in Council under the Sea Fisheries Act.[60]
October
- October – The Daytona Educational and Industrial Training School for Negro Girls, predecessor of Bethune–Cookman University, is opened in Florida by Mary McLeod Bethune.
- October 1 – Phi Delta Epsilon, the international medical fraternity, is founded by Aaron Brown and 8 of his friends, at Cornell University Medical College.
- October 4 – Swedish Association football club IFK Göteborg is founded, becoming the 39th IFK-association.[61]
- October 5 – Alpha Kappa Psi, a co-ed professional business fraternity, is founded on the campus of New York University.
- October 9 – German journalist Anna Rüling, in a speech to the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee in Berlin, makes the first known public statement of the socio-legal problems faced by lesbians.
- October 11 – Loftus Road football stadium opens in London.
- October 13 – Pavlos Melas is encircled at Statista and killed during the Macedonian Struggle.
- October 15 – Theta Tau, a professional engineering fraternity, is founded at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis.
- October 18 – In Germany:
- The Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum opens in Berlin for the display of fine art.
- Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 5 is premiered by the Gürzenich Orchestra Cologne.
- October 19 – Polytechnic University of the Philippines is founded as Manila Business School, through the superintendence of American C. A. O'Reilley.
- October 21 – Russo-Japanese War: Dogger Bank incident – The Russian Baltic Fleet fires on British trawlers it mistakes for Japanese torpedo boats, in the North Sea.
- October 27 – The first underground line of the New York City Subway opens.
- October 28 – Panama and Uruguay establish diplomatic relations.
- Late October – The first members of what will become the Bloomsbury Group move to the Bloomsbury district of London; they will be joined about November 8 by the future novelist Virginia Woolf.[62]
November
- November 8 – 1904 United States presidential election: Republican incumbent Theodore Roosevelt defeats Democrat Alton B. Parker.
- November 16
- The settlement at Grytviken, on the British South Atlantic island territory of South Georgia, is established by Norwegian sea captain Carl Anton Larsen, as a whaling station for his Compañía Argentina de Pesca.[63]
- English engineer John Ambrose Fleming patents the first thermionic vacuum tube, the two-electrode diode ("oscillation valve" or Fleming valve).[64]
- November 24 – A continuous track tractor is successfully demonstrated by the Holt Manufacturing Company in the United States. The "caterpillar track" will come to revolutionize construction vehicles and land warfare.
December
- December 2 – The St. Petersburg Soviet urges a run on the banks; the attempt fails, and the executive committee is arrested.
- December 3 – Charles Dillon Perrine discovers Jupiter's largest irregular satellite, later called Himalia, at California's Lick Observatory.
- December 4 – The K.U. or Konservativ Ungdom (Young Conservatives) is founded by Carl F. Herman von Rosen in Denmark.
- December 6 – Theodore Roosevelt announces his "Corollary" to the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States will intervene in the Western Hemisphere should Latin American governments prove incapable or unstable.
- December 10 – The Pi Kappa Phi fraternity is founded at the College of Charleston in Charleston, South Carolina.
- December 27
- The stage play Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up premieres in London.
- The Abbey Theatre in Dublin opens.
- December 30 – The East Boston Tunnel opens, for streetcars.
- December 31 – In New York City, the first New Year's Eve celebration is held in Times Square.
Date unknown
- Global cosmetics companies are founded in Paris (France): Coty, by François Coty,[65] and Garnier, by Alfred Amour Garnier.[66]
- Canada Dry Ginger Ale is created by John J. McLaughlin.