Scramble for Africa
New Imperial colonisation of Africa by Europeans / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Scramble for Africa[lower-alpha 1] was the invasion and colonization of most of Africa among seven Western European powers during the era of "New Imperialism" (1833–1914). In 1870, 10% of the continent was formally under European control. By 1914, this figure had risen to almost 90%, with only Liberia and Ethiopia retaining their full sovereignty.[lower-alpha 2]
The 1884 Berlin Conference regulated European colonization and trade in Africa, and is seen as emblematic of the "scramble".[2] In the last quarter of the 19th century, there were considerable political rivalries between the European empires, which provided the impetus for the Scramble.[3] The later years of the 19th century saw a transition from "informal imperialism" – military influence and economic dominance – to direct rule.[4]
With the decline of the European colonial empires in the wake of both world wars, most of their African possessions achieved independence during the Cold War. However, the old imperial boundaries and economic systems imposed by the Scramble continue to affect the politics and economies of African countries.[5]