Sjafruddin Prawiranegara
Indonesian statesman and economist (1911–1989) / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Sjafruddin Prawiranegara (EYD: Syafruddin Prawiranegara; 28 February 1911 – 15 February 1989) was an Indonesian statesman and economist. He served in various roles during his career, including as head of government in the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia, as Minister of Finance in several cabinets, and as the first Governor of Bank Indonesia. Sjafruddin later became the prime minister of the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia, a shadow government set up in opposition to the country's central government.
Sjafruddin Prawiranegara | |
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Prime Minister of the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia | |
In office 15 February 1958 – 25 August 1961 | |
Preceded by | Office established |
Succeeded by | Office abolished |
Chairman of the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia[lower-alpha 1] | |
In office 22 December 1948 – 13 July 1949 | |
Preceded by | Sukarno |
Succeeded by | Sukarno[lower-alpha 2] |
3rd Deputy Prime Minister of Indonesia | |
In office 4 August 1949 – 14 December 1949 | |
President | Sukarno |
Prime Minister | Mohammad Hatta |
Preceded by |
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Succeeded by | Abdul Hakim Harahap |
1st Governor of Bank Indonesia | |
In office 1 July 1953[lower-alpha 3] – 1 February 1958 | |
President | Sukarno |
Preceded by | A. Houwink[lower-alpha 4] |
Succeeded by | Lukman Hakim |
4th Minister of Welfare | |
In office 29 January 1948 – 19 December 1948 | |
President | Sukarno |
Prime Minister | Mohammad Hatta |
Preceded by | Adnan Kapau Gani |
Succeeded by | I. J. Kasimo |
5th Minister of Finance | |
In office 20 December 1949 – 27 April 1951[lower-alpha 5] | |
President | Sukarno |
Prime Minister | |
Preceded by | Lukman Hakim |
Succeeded by | Jusuf Wibisono |
In office 2 October 1946 – 26 June 1947 | |
President | Sukarno |
Prime Minister | Sutan Sjahrir |
Preceded by | Surachman Tjokroadisurjo |
Succeeded by | A. A. Maramis |
1st Vice Minister of Finance | |
In office 12 March 1946 – 2 October 1946 | |
President | Sukarno |
Prime Minister | Sutan Sjahrir |
Preceded by | Position established |
Succeeded by | Lukman Hakim |
Personal details | |
Born | (1911-02-28)28 February 1911 Anyer Kidul, Bantam Residency, Dutch East Indies |
Died | 15 February 1989(1989-02-15) (aged 77) Jakarta, Indonesia |
Resting place | Tanah Kusir Cemetery |
Political party | Masyumi (1946–1960) |
Signature | |
Originating from Banten with Minangkabau ancestry, Sjafruddin became active in politics after his education in law. By 1940, he was working at a tax office, and joined the nationalist movements during the Japanese occupation period (1942–1945). Due to his closeness to the revolutionary leader Sutan Sjahrir, he was appointed finance minister in the Republican government during the Indonesian National Revolution (1945–1949). In this capacity, he lobbied for and distributed the Oeang Republik Indonesia, a predecessor currency to the Indonesian rupiah. Despite his socialist views, he joined the Islamic Masyumi party. In December 1948, a Dutch offensive captured the Indonesian revolutionary leaders including President Sukarno, resulting in Sjafruddin activating contingency plans and forming the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia on 22 December. For seven months in West Sumatra, he became the head of government of Indonesia, allowing the government to continue functioning and ensuring continued resistance.
Following the Roem–Van Roijen Agreement – which he had opposed – Sjafruddin returned his governing mandate to Sukarno in July 1949. With Indonesia now independent, he was first appointed deputy prime minister, then reappointed as finance minister until 1951. One of the party's leaders and its most prominent economic policymaker, he maintained a conservative approach to government budgets and established a foreign exchange certificate system. In order to reduce the money supply and curb inflation, he formulated the "Sjafruddin Cut" policy which involves physically cutting Dutch-issued banknotes in half. He then became the first governor of Bank Indonesia, where his general accommodative approach to foreign capital and opposition to nationalization caused tensions with the Sukarno government and economists such as Sumitro Djojohadikusumo.
A pragmatic policymaker, he espoused religious socialism and based his views on a liberal Islamic interpretation and was a staunch opponent of communism. His opposition to Sukarno's Guided Democracy along with Dutch–Indonesian tensions caused a significant split between Sjafruddin and the Sukarno government. Escaping to Sumatra, he made contacts with dissident army officers and began openly criticizing the government. While initially reluctant to spark a civil war, in February 1958 he became leader of the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia in West Sumatra. The rebellion was soon defeated, and after three years of guerilla warfare Sjafruddin surrendered to the government in 1961. Imprisoned until 1966, once released he became a vocal critic of the New Order government for its corruption and imposition of the principle of Pancasila to religious and social organizations until his death in 1989. Despite opposition from the armed forces, he was declared a National Hero of Indonesia in 2011.