User:Asteroidz19/sandbox
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A transplastomic plant is a genetically modified plant in which genes are inactivated, modified or new foreign genes are inserted into the DNA of plastids like the chloroplast instead of nuclear DNA.
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Currently, the majority of transplastomic plants are as a result of chloroplast manipulation due to poor expression in other plastids.[1]
Chloroplasts in plants are thought to have originated from an engulfing event of a photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacterial ancestor) by a eukaroyte.[2] There are many advantageous in chloroplast DNA manipulation because of its bacterial origin. For example, the ability to introduce multiple genes (operons) in a single step instead of many steps and the simultaneous expression of many genes with its bacterial gene expression system.[3] Other advantageous include, the ability to obtain organic products like proteins at a high concentrations and the fact that production of these products will not be affected by epigenetic regulation.[4] The reason for product synthesis at high concentrations is because a single plant cell can potentially carry up to a 100 chloroplast (like in Arabidopsis), which if all transformed, can express multiple copies of the introduced foreign genes.[1] This is more advantageous compared to transformation of the nucleus which can only express one copy of the gene.[1]
The advantageous provided by chloroplast DNA manipulation has seen growing interest into this field of research and development, particularly in agricultural and pharmaceutical applications.[4] However, there are some disadvantageous in chloroplast DNA manipulation, such as the inability to manipulate cereal crops DNA material and poor expression of foreign DNA in non- green plastids as mentioned before.[4] In addition, the lack of post- translational modification capability like glycosylation in plastids may make some human- related protein expression difficult.[5] Nevertheless, much progress has been made into plant transplatomics, for example, the production of edible vaccines for Tetanus by using a transplastomic tobacco plant.[6]