User:BomBom/List of caliphs
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Quick Facts Caliph, Style ...
Caliph | |
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خليفة | |
Style | Varies by era (see section) |
Residence | Medina (first) Istanbul (last) |
Term length | Life tenure |
Inaugural holder | Abu Bakr |
Formation | 8 June 632 AD (= 13 Rabiul-Awwal 11 AH) |
Final holder | Abdülmecid II |
Abolished | 3 March 1924 AD (= 26 Rajab 1342 AH) |
Succession | Electoral during Rashidun Caliphate, later hereditary |
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- Due to the emphasis on aniconism in Islam, visual depictions of caliphs were rare. An early and short-lived attempt at numismatic portraiture occurred in the 690s, when Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan became the first caliph to mint coins bearing his name and portrait (see image on the right), although he had them withdrawn from circulation and restruck due to protests from clerics and sahaba opposed to all human imagery.[a] In addition to introducing Islamic coinage, Abd al-Malik also made Arabic the official language of the caliphate.[2][3] In contrast with all their predecessors, Ottoman caliphs had a relaxed attitude towards images, and had their portraits painted "with individual, realistic, and even unflattering detail of feature."[4] Nevertheless, it was only during the reign of Mahmud II (1808–1839) that visual depictions of Ottoman caliphs started to be displayed publicly,[5] and Ottoman coins celebrated the rulers by showing their signature (tughra) rather than their portraits.[6]
- Abu Bakr became caliph on 8 June 632 (= 13 Rabiul-Awwal 11 AH).[7] The Grand National Assembly of Turkey abolished the caliphate on 3 March 1924 (= 26 Rajab 1342 AH).[8]
- The longest caliphate was that of Fatimid caliph Ma'add al-Mustansir Billah, who reigned for 57 years (1036–1094), which makes him the longest-reigning ruler in Muslim history.[9]
- [10]
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