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Chemical compound / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Chlorine dioxide is a chemical compound with the formula ClO2 that exists as yellowish-green gas above 11 °C, a reddish-brown liquid between −59 °C and 11 °C, and as bright orange crystals when colder. It is an oxidizing agent, able to transfer oxygen to a variety of substrates, while gaining one or more electrons via oxidation-reduction (redox). It does not hydrolyze when it enters water, and is usually handled as a dissolved gas in solution in water. Potential hazards with chlorine dioxide include health concerns, explosiveness and fire ignition.[4] It is commonly used as a bleach.
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Names | |||
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IUPAC name
Chlorine dioxide | |||
Other names
Chlorine(IV) oxide | |||
Identifiers | |||
3D model (JSmol) |
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ChEBI | |||
ChemSpider |
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EC Number |
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1265 | |||
MeSH | Chlorine+dioxide | ||
PubChem CID |
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RTECS number |
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UNII | |||
UN number | 9191 | ||
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Properties | |||
ClO2 | |||
Molar mass | 67.45 g·mol−1 | ||
Appearance | Yellow to reddish gas | ||
Odor | Acrid | ||
Density | 2.757 g dm−3[1] | ||
Melting point | −59 °C (−74 °F; 214 K) | ||
Boiling point | 11 °C (52 °F; 284 K) | ||
8 g/L (at 20 °C) | |||
Solubility | soluble in alkaline and sulfuric acid solutions | ||
Vapor pressure | >1 atm[2] | ||
Henry's law constant (kH) |
4.01×10−2 atm m3 mol−1 | ||
Acidity (pKa) | 3.0(5) | ||
Thermochemistry | |||
Std molar entropy (S⦵298) |
257.22 J K−1 mol−1 | ||
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) |
104.60 kJ/mol | ||
Hazards | |||
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): | |||
Main hazards |
Acute toxicity | ||
GHS labelling: | |||
Danger | |||
H271, H314, H330 | |||
P210, P220, P260, P264, P271, P280, P283, P284, P301, P304, P305, P306, P311, P330, P331, P338, P340, P351, P360, P371+P380+P375, P403+P233, P405, P501 | |||
NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |||
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |||
LD50 (median dose) |
292 mg/kg (oral, rat)[3] | ||
LCLo (lowest published) |
260 ppm (rat, 2 hr)[3] | ||
NIOSH (US health exposure limits): | |||
PEL (Permissible) |
TWA 0.1 ppm (0.3 mg/m3)[2] | ||
REL (Recommended) |
TWA 0.1 ppm (0.3 mg/m3) ST 0.3 ppm (0.9 mg/m3)[2] | ||
IDLH (Immediate danger) |
5 ppm[2] | ||
Safety data sheet (SDS) | Safety Data Sheet Archive. | ||
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Chlorine dioxide was discovered in 1811 and has been widely used for bleaching purposes as a bleach in the paper industry, and for treatment of drinking water. More recent developments have extended its application into food processing, disinfection of premises and vehicles, mold eradication, air disinfection and odor control, treatment of swimming pools, conditioning of oil well produced water, dental applications, and wound cleansing.
The compound has been fraudulently marketed as an ingestible cure for a wide range of diseases, including childhood autism[5] and COVID-19.[6][7][8] [*Needs editing: Children who have been given enemas of chlorine dioxide as a supposed cure for childhood autism have suffered life-threatening ailments.[5] The FDA has stated that ingestion or other internal use of chlorine dioxide (other than perhaps oral rinsing under dentist supervision) has no health benefits and it should not be used internally for any reason.[9][10]]