User:Mr. Ibrahem/Zolpidem
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Zolpidem, sold under the brand name Ambien, among others, is a medication primarily used for the short-term treatment of sleeping problems.[4][5] Guidelines recommend that it be used only after counselling and behavioral changes, such as sleep hygiene, have been tried.[6][7][8] It decreases the time to sleep onset by about 15 minutes and at larger doses helps people stay asleep longer.[3] It is taken by mouth and is available in conventional tablets, sublingual tablets, or oral spray.[4]
Clinical data | |
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Trade names | Ambien, others[1] |
Other names | Zolpidem tartrate |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a693025 |
Pregnancy category |
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Dependence liability | Low to moderate[2] |
Routes of administration | By mouth (tablet), sublingual, oromucosal (spray), rectal |
Drug class | Imidazopyridine (Z-drug), nonbenzodiazepine, hypnotic |
Physiological data | |
Receptors | GABAA receptor agonist |
Agonists | GABA |
Metabolism | Liver through CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 |
Legal status | |
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Pharmacokinetic data | |
Bioavailability | 70% (by mouth) |
Protein binding | 92% |
Metabolism | Liver through CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 |
Metabolites | (ZCA) zolpidem 6-carboxylic acid; (ZPCA) zolpidem phenyl-4-carboxylic acid |
Onset of action | 1–2 hours |
Elimination half-life | 2.5–3 hours[4] |
Duration of action | 3 hours |
Excretion | Kidney (56%) fecal (34%) |
Identifiers | |
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Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C19H21N3O |
Molar mass | 307.397 g·mol−1 |
3D model (JSmol) | |
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Common side effects include daytime sleepiness, headache, nausea, and diarrhea.[4] Other side effects include memory problems, hallucinations, and abuse.[3] The recommended dose was decreased in 2013 due to next-morning impairment.[9] Additionally, driving the next morning is not recommended with either higher doses or the long-acting formulation.[9] While flumazenil can reverse zolpidem's effects, usually supportive care is all that is recommended in overdose.[10]
Zolpidem is a nonbenzodiazepine Z drug which acts as a sedative and hypnotic.[4][11] Zolpidem is a GABAA receptor agonist of the imidazopyridine class.[4] It works by increasing GABA effects in the central nervous system by binding to GABAA receptors at the same location as benzodiazepines.[4] It generally has a half-life of two to three hours.[4] This, however, is increased in those with liver problems.[4]
Zolpidem was approved for medical use in the United States in 1992.[4] It became available as a generic medication in 2007.[12] In the United States, it has a monthly cost of about US$8 for immediate release and US$66 for controlled release medication, as of 2017.[3] Zolpidem is a Schedule IV controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act of 1970 (CSA).[3] More than ten million prescriptions are filled a year in the United States, making it one of the most commonly used treatments for sleeping problems.[13][14] In 2017, it was the 50th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 15 million prescriptions.[15][16]