Years of Lead (Italy)
Period of social and political turmoil in Italy / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In Italy, the phrase Years of Lead (Italian: Anni di piombo) refers to a period of political violence and social upheaval that lasted from the late 1960s until the late 1980s, marked by a wave of both far-left and far-right incidents of political terrorism and violent clashes.
Years of Lead (Italy) | ||||||||
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Part of the Cold War | ||||||||
Aftermath of the bombing at the Bologna railway station in August 1980 which killed 85 people, the deadliest event during the Years of Lead, carried out by the neo-fascist terrorist group known as the Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari | ||||||||
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Belligerents | ||||||||
Supported by: |
Supported by: |
Supported by:
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Commanders and leaders | ||||||||
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Units involved | ||||||||
Armed Forces: +90,000 soldiers[16][17] (1973) Gladio: 622 members |
BR: Several thousand active members PL: 1,072 members and collaborators O22: 25 members[18] PAC: 60 militants[19] AO: 200 members[20] |
Ordine Nuovo: 10,000[21] National Vanguard: 600–2,000 members at varying times[22] NAR: 53 members Terza Posizione: 42[23] | ||||||
Casualties and losses | ||||||||
Italy: 14[24] civil servants murdered
Carabinieri: State Police:
Italy: 67 killed in total U.S.:
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BR:
PL:
O22: 8 arrested[29][circular reference]
CS:
AO: |
Ordine Nuovo: At least 3 arrested NAR: 53 arrested[11][30] Terza Posizione: 42 indicted | ||||||
Total deaths (including civilians): 428, c. 2,000 physical and psychological injuries[31] |
The Years of Lead are sometimes considered to have begun with the 1968 movement in Italy and the Hot Autumn strikes starting in 1969;[32] the death of the policeman Antonio Annarumma in November 1969;[33] the Piazza Fontana bombing in December of that year, which killed 17 and was perpetrated by right-wing terrorists in Milan; and the death shortly after of anarchist worker Giuseppe Pinelli while in police custody under suspicion of being responsible for the attack.[34]
A far-left group, the Red Brigades, eventually became notorious as a terrorist organization during the period; in 1978, they kidnapped and assassinated former Italian prime minister Aldo Moro. Another major crime associated with the Italian Years of Lead was the 1980 bombing of the Bologna railway station, which killed 85 people and for which several members of the far-right, neo-fascist terrorist group known as the Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari were convicted. Far-right terrorist organizations were also involved in various other bombings that resulted in the killings of multiple civilians, including the Piazza della Loggia bombing in 1974 which killed eight people and wounded 102 others. The terrorist organizations gradually disbanded, and police arrested their members throughout the 1980s. Sporadic political violence continued in Italy until the late 1980s, resurfacing to a lesser extent in the late 1990s and continuing until the mid-2000s.