User:Flea-15038/沙盒
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ÉCHO_Aphaniptera
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EXO(iucn3)[1]
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二名法 | ||||||||||||||
† Acalypha dikuluwensis P.A.Duvign.(英语:Paul Auguste Duvigneaud) & Dewit(英语:Jeanine Dewit) | ||||||||||||||
Katanga Province, D.R. Congo
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班尼特海藻 | ||||||||||||||
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Claudea bennettiana (Vanvoorstia bennettiana) by William Henry Harvey
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Vanvoorstia bennettiana (Harvey) Papenfuss (1855) | ||||||||||||||
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Claudea bennettiana |
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镰嘴管舌雀(英语:Drepanis coccinea) (Drepanis coccinea),一种管舌鸟。
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Drepanididae |
班尼特海藻(学名:Vanvoorstia bennettiana)是澳大利亚特有的一种红藻,现已灭绝。它以博物学家乔治·班尼特史(英语:George Bennett)(英文:George Bennett)命名。[2]
描述
班尼特海藻是一种小型的红藻。与其属下的其他物种相同, 班尼特海藻 did not have significant differences in morphology throughout any phase of its life cycle.[3] It can be distinguished from other members of its genus by its small size and by the structure of its reproductive organs.[4] The overall structure of the alga is that of a blade with fine meshing.[4] For much of the time it was extant, the alga was common.[5]
The alga has only been found in two localities; both in or near Sydney Harbour. One was near the eastern part of Spectacle Island, where it was discovered between May 1 and May 15, 1855.[6] The other was in a channel between Point Piper and Shark Island,[6] where numerous specimens were collected in 1886.[7]
Extinction
Since the V. bennettiana's discovery, Sydney Harbour has been massively altered by human activities. These activities substantially increased the siltation level in Sydney Harbour. Fine-meshed alga species are especially vulnerable to this type of disturbance because the particulate matter can often clog the blade and prevent light necessary for photosynthesis from reaching the organism.[4]
A search by Arthur Lucas in 1916 failed to find the species. Since it had been only found in two places, V. bennettiana went extinct by then. The causes were human disturbance, habitat destruction, and pollution.[6] Searches along the entire coastline of New South Wales failed to locate the species.[5]
Vanvoorstia bennettiana was, until an update in 2007, the only protist anywhere on the IUCN's Redlist.[8]
References
- Meersseman, A., Faucon, M.-P., Meerts, P., Mahy, G., Malaisse, F. & Ngongo Luhembwe, M. Acalypha dikuluwensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012. [2014-06-19].
- William Henry Harvey: Phycologia Australica; or a History of Australian Seaweeds Volume 2. Lovel Reeve, London, 1859
- Department of the Environment and Water Resources. Vanvoorstia bennettiana (Bennetts Seaweed), a marine red alga. Government of Australia. 2007-02-17 [2007-07-10].
- Bennetts Seaweed (PDF). primefacts. New South Wales Department of Primary Industries. March 2007 [2007-07-10]. [失效連結]
- Andrew Sanger. Vanvoorstia bennettiana - (Bennetts Seaweed) (PDF). Fisheries Scientific Committee. [2007-07-10]. [失效連結]
- Vanvoorstia bennettiana. IUCN Redlist of Threatened Species. IUCN. [2007-07-10].
- M.D. Guiry. Vanvoorstia bennettiana. AlgaeBase. 2004-09-24 [2007-07-10].
- Search Results. [2007-07-10]. [失效連結]
External links
管鸹亚科或管舌鸟亚科(学名:Carduelinae)是雀形目雀科的一个亚科,是夏威夷的特有种。它们与朱雀属(英语:Carpodacus)(学名:Carpodacus)关系密切。其丰富的形态多样性是处于封闭的岛屿中辐射适应所致。[1][2]
在分子系统学被采用之前,管舌鸟的分类地位一直存在争议。有时它们被分类为独立的一个科,管鸹科(学名:Drepanididae)。[3]而更多时候它们被认为是雀科的一个亚科。有时亦将它们作为一个分类至鹀科(学名:Emberizidae)。[4][5]
属与种
管舌鸟亚科 Carduelinae
- Drepanidini(英语:Drepanidini)族
- †Ciridops(英语:Ciridops)属 Newton, 1892 – 形似雀,以斐济榈属(英语:Pritchardia)植物的果实为食。
- Drepanis(英语:Drepanis)属 Temminck, 1820 – 有着向下弯曲的喙,食蜜。
- Himatione(英语:Himatione)属 – 有着细小的喙,食蜜。
- 白臀蜜雀(英语:Himatione sanguinea) Himatione sanguinea Gmelin, 1788 无危(IUCN 3.1)[10]
- †莱岛蜜雀(英语:Himatione fraithii) H. (sanguinea) freethii 绝灭(IUCN 3.1)[11] (最后观察记录时间:1923年)
- 白臀蜜雀(英语:Himatione sanguinea) Himatione sanguinea Gmelin, 1788 无危(IUCN 3.1)[10]
- 毛岛蜜雀属 Casey & Jacobi, 1974 – 有着细小而尖的喙,食虫。
- 冠旋蜜雀属 Rothschild, 1893 – thin-billed nectarivore, favors Metrosideros polymorpha
- 冠旋蜜雀(英语:Palmeria dolei) Palmeria dolei Wilson, 1891
- Hemignathini族
- †Genus Aidemedia Olson & James, 1991 – straight thin bills, insectivores[13]
- †Aidemedia chascax Olson & James, 1991 – Oʻahu icterid-like gaper (化石种)
- †Aidemedia lutetiae Olson & James, 1991 – Maui Nui icterid-like gaper (化石种)
- †Aidemedia zanclops Olson & James, 1991 – sickle-billed gaper (化石种)
- Genus Chlorodrepanis Olson & James, 1995 – pointed bills, insectivorous or nectarivorous
- Chlorodrepanis stejnegeri Pratt, 1989 – Kauaʻi ʻamakihi
- Chlorodrepanis flava Bloxam, 1827 – Oʻahu ʻamakihi
- Chlorodrepanis virens Cabanis, 1851 – Hawaiʻi ʻamakihi
- Genus Viridonia
- †Viridonia sagittirostris Rothschild, 1892 – greater ʻamakihi (绝灭, 1901年)
- †Genus Hemignathus Lichtenstein, 1839 – pointed or long and downcurved bills, insectivorous or nectarivorous
- (Sub)Genus Heterorhynchus
- Hemignathus wilsoni Rothschild, 1893 – ʻakiapolaʻau
- Genus Magumma
- Magumma parva Stejneger, 1887 - ʻanianiau
- †Genus Akialoa Olson & James, 1995 – pointed, long and downcurved bills, insectivorous or nectarivorous
- †Akialoa ellisiana Gray, 1859 – Oʻahu ʻakialoa (绝灭, 1940年)
- †Akialoa lanaiensis Rothschild, 1893 – Maui Nui ʻakialoa (绝灭, 1892年)
- †Akialoa stejnegeri Wilson, 1889 – Kauaʻi ʻakialoa (绝灭, 1969年)
- †Akialoa obscura Cabanis, 1889 – lesser ʻakialoa (绝灭, 1940)
- †Akialoa upupirostris – hoopoe-billed ʻakialoa (化石种)
- Genus Loxops – small pointed bills with the tips offset a little horizontally, insectivores
- Loxops caeruleirostris Wilson, 1890 – ʻakekeʻe
- Loxops coccineus Gmelin, 1789 – Hawaiʻi ʻakepa
- †Loxops ochraceus Rothschild, 1893 - Maui ʻakepa (绝灭, 1988)
- †Loxops wolstenholmei Rothschild, 1895 – Oʻahu ʻakepa (绝灭, 1990年代)
- Loxops mana Wilson, 1891 – Hawaiʻi creeper
- Genus Oreomystis Wilson, 1891 – short pointed bills, browsers
- Oreomystis bairdi Stejneger, 1887 – ʻakikiki
- Genus Paroreomyza – similar to Oreomystis
- Pareromyza Montana
- Genus Vangulifer – flat rounded bills, possibly caught flying insects
- †Vangulifer mirandus – strange-billed finch (化石种)
- †Vangulifer neophasis – thin-billed finch (化石种)
- †Genus Aidemedia Olson & James, 1991 – straight thin bills, insectivores[13]
- Psittirostrini族
- †Genus Chloridops Wilson, 1888 – thick-billed, Myoporum sandwicense and other hard seed specialist
- †Chloridops kona Wilson, 1888 – Kona grosbeak (绝灭, 1894年)
- †Chloridops regiskongi – King Kong grosbeak (化石种)
- †Chloridops wahi – wahi grosbeak (化石种)
- Genus Dysmorodrepanis Perkins, 1919 – pincer-like bill, possibly snail specialist
- Dysmorodrepanis munroi Perkins, 1919 – Lānaʻi hookbill (绝灭, 1918年)
- Genus Loxioides Oustalet, 1877 – finch-like, Fabales seed specialists
- Loxioides bailleui Oustalet, 1877 – palila
- †Loxioides kikuichi Olson & James, 2006 – Kauaʻi palila (化石种,可能于18世纪早期绝灭)
- †Genus Orthiospiza – large weak bill, possibly soft seed or fruit specialist?
- †Orthiospiza howarthi James & Olson, 1991 - highland finch (化石种)
- Genus Pseudonestor – parrot-like bill, probes decomposing wood for insect larvae
- Pseudonestor xanthophrys Rothschild, 1893 – Maui parrotbill
- Genus Psittirostra – slightly hooked bill, Freycinetia arborea fruit specialist
- †Genus Rhodacanthis – large-billed legume specialists[15]
- Genus Telespiza Wilson, 1890 – finch-like, granivores, opportunistic scavengers
- Telespiza cantans Wilson, 1890 – Laysan finch
- †Telespiza persecutrix James & Olson, 1991 – Kauaʻi finch (化石种)
- Telespiza ultima Bryan, 1917 – Nihoa finch
- †Telespiza ypsilon James & Olson, 1991 – Maui Nui finch (化石种)
- †Genus Xestospiza James & Oslon, 1991 – cone-shaped bills, possibly insectivores
- †Xestospiza conica James & Olson, 1991 – cone-billed finch (化石种)
- †Xestospiza fastigialis James & Olson, 1991 – ridge-billed finch (化石种)
- †Genus Chloridops Wilson, 1888 – thick-billed, Myoporum sandwicense and other hard seed specialist
参考资料
- Lerner, H.R.L.; Meyer, M.; James, H.F.; Fleischer, R.C. Multilocus resolution of phylogeny and timescale in the extant adaptive radiation of Hawaiian Honeycreepers. Current Biology. 2011, 21: 1838–1844. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.039.
- Zuccon, Dario; Prŷs-Jones, Robert; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Ericson, Per G.P. The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae) (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2012, 62 (2): 581–596. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.002.
- Clements, J. 2007. The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World. 6th ed. ISBN 978-0-7136-8695-1
- Dickinson, E (编). The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World 3rd. Princeton University Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-691-11701-0.
- AOU Check-list of North American Birds Accessed 26 December 2007
- BirdLife International. Ciridops anna. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012. [2016年1月9日].
- BirdLife International. Drepanis funerea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012. [2016年1月9日].
- BirdLife International. Drepanis pacifica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012. [2016年1月9日].
- BirdLife International. Vestiaria coccinea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012. [2016年1月9日].
- BirdLife International. Vestiaria coccinea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012. [2016年1月9日].
- BirdLife International. Himatione fraithii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012. [2016年1月9日].请参见该资料来源的Range Description部分。
- BirdLife International. Himatione fraithii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012. [2016年1月9日].请参见该资料来源的Range Description部分。
- Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael. The Eponym Dictionary of Birds. Johns Hopkins University Press. 2014. The genus Aidemedia is named in honor of Joan Aidem.
- James, Helen F; Storrs L. Olson. A giant new species of nukupuu (Fringillidae: Drepanidini: Hemignathus) from the island of Hawaii. The Auk. 2003, 120 (4): 970–981. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0970:AGNSON]2.0.CO;2.
- James, Helen F.; Johnathan P. Prince. Integration of palaeontological, historical, and geographical data on the extinction of koa-finches. Diversity & Distributions. May 2008, 14 (3): 441–451. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00442.x.
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