User:Shom/Shom:古英语
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古英语(英文:Ænglisc, Anglisc, Englisc) 或 盎格鲁-撒克逊语[1] 是在 5 世纪中叶和 12 世纪中叶之间由盎格鲁-撒克逊人和他们后代,也是现在英国和苏格兰东部和南部居民所书写和表达的早期英语。这是一种接近和 的 。
古英语 | |
---|---|
Ænglisc, Anglisc, Englisc | |
区域 | 英国 (除了西南和东南边缘), 南部和东部 苏格兰,和现代威尔士的南边。 |
年代 | 大部分在13世纪进化为中古英语 |
語系 | 日耳曼语
|
方言 | 肯蒂什语
麦西亚语
诺森布里亚语
西撒克逊语
|
文字 | 鲁涅字母, 然后使用拉丁字母。 |
語言代碼 | |
ISO 639-2 | ang |
ISO 639-3 | ang |
语法上古英语和古典拉丁语有很多相似之处. 在大部分考虑中, 包括它的语法,它比现代英语更接近 德语 和 冰岛语 。 它是一种包含五个格(主格,宾格,属格,与格)和工具格,三个数(单数,双数,复数),三个性(阴性,阳性,中性)的完全屈折的 屈折语。 双数只在第一人称和第三人称和二人一组中出现。
Adjectives, pronouns and (sometimes) participles agreed with their antecedent nouns in case, number and gender. Finite verbs agreed with their subject in person and number.
Nouns came in numerous declensions (with deep parallels in Latin, Ancient Greek and Sanskrit). Verbs came in nine main conjugations (seven strong and two weak), each with numerous subtypes, as well as a few additional smaller conjugations and a handful of irregular verbs. The main difference from other ancient Indo-European languages, such as Latin, is that verbs can be conjugated in only two tenses (vs. the six "tenses" – really tense/aspect combinations – of Latin), and have no synthetic passive voice (although it did still exist in Gothic).
Gender in nouns was grammatical, as opposed to the natural gender that prevails in modern English. That is, the grammatical gender of a given noun did not necessarily correspond to its natural gender, even for nouns referring to people. For example, sēo sunne (the Sun) was feminine, se mōna (the Moon) was masculine, and þat wīf "the woman/wife" was neuter. (Compare German cognates die Sonne, der Mond, das Weib.) Pronominal usage could reflect either natural or grammatical gender, when it conflicted.
From the 9th century, Old English experienced heavy influence from Old Norse, a member of the related North Germanic group of languages.