Uxhakaxholo
uhlelo lwembulunga lwamaxhoxho esicikizi axhumene / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
uXhakaxholo uhlelo lwembulunga yonke lwamaxhoxho ezicikizi axhumene olusebenzisa iGumelo loxhakaxholo (Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) ukuze kube nokuxhumana okulula phakathi kwamaxhoxho nezilekeleli. Lunguxhoxho lwamaxhoxho oluqukethe amaxhoxho asisulu, awomphakathi, awamanyuvesi, awemihwebo, nawohulumeni bezindawo nawembulunga, wonke ahlanganiswe ndawonye ubuchwepheshe obusebenzisa amazuba, obungenazo izindophi kanye nobezinxoza zokukhanya (fibre optics). UXhakaxholo luqukethe izinsiza zokwaziswa eziningi kanye nezinkonzo, okubalwa kuzo imiqulu exhumene ngesiqakaqulu (hypertext) kanye namahlelokusebenza oLwebu Lomhlaba Wonke (WWW), umbikombani, ucingo lokuxhumana, kanye nokwabelana ngamahele.
Indabuko yoxhakaxholo iseminyakeni yowezi-1960, lapho ucwaningo olwalwenziwa uMnyango wezokuVikela waseMelika lwavumela ukuba kube nokucobelelana ngesikhathi phakathi kweziCikizi. UXhoxho oluyinhloko oluyisanduleli, i-ARPANET, lwalusebenza njengesiseko sokuxhumana phakathi kwamaxhoxho ezifunda kwezemfundo nakwezempi eminyakeni yowezi-1970. Uxhaso ngokwezimali oluvela kwa-National Science Foundation lwaba yisiseko esisha ngowezi-1980. Lona kanye noxhaso olwaluvela kwabezoHwebo, lwaholela kubambiswano lomhlaba wonke ekuthuthukiseni ezobuchwepheshe ezintsha kwezoxhoxho, kanye nasekuhlanganisweni kwamaxhoxho amaningi. Ukuxhunywa kwamaxhoxho abezohwebo namabhizinisi ekuqaleni kweminyaka yowezi-1990 kwaphawula isiqalo sokufudukela kuXhakaxholo lwanamuhla, futhi kwaphehla ukukhula okuqhubekayo njengoba uhide lweziCikizi zezikhungu, abantu ngabanye, kanye neziphathwayo nazo zaxhunywa oxhoxhweni.