Bruger:Pugilist/Sandkasse/Kroatien
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Skabelon:Infobox military conflict Den kroatiske selvstændighedskrig blev udkæmpet fra 1991 til 1995 mellem Kroatiske styrker loyale mod den kroatiske regering, der havde erklæret uafhængighed fra den Socialistiske Føderale Republik Jugoslavien, og den serbisk-kontrollerede Jugoslaviske folkehær og lokale serbiske styrker i Kroatien. Folkehæren blev opløst i 1992 og styrkerne lagt ind under serbisk kommando. Krigen omtales i Kroatien oftest som "Hjemlandskrigen" (kroatisk: Domovinski rat) og også som "Den Stor-serbiske agression" (kroatisk: Velikosrpska agresija).[11][12] I Serbien omtales krigen som "Krigen i Kroatien" (Skabelon:Lang-sr-cyr) og (sjældent) "Krigen i Krajina" (Skabelon:Lang-sr-cyr).[13]
Den kroatiske selvstændighedskrig | |||||||||
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Del af Krigene i Jugoslavien | |||||||||
Med uret fra øverst t.v.: Hovedgaden i Dubrovnik, Stradun, i ruiner under belejringen af Dubrovnik; det ødelagte vandtårn i Vukovar med det kroatiske flag; soldater fra den kroatiske hær forbereder destruktion af en serbisk tank; mindesmærke i Vukovar; en ødelagt serbisk T-55 tank |
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Parter | |||||||||
Jugoslavien Jugoslaviens Folkehær | Slovenien * Sloveniens Territorial Forsvar | ||||||||
Ledere | |||||||||
Ante Marković[9] Veljko Kadijević Konrad Kolšek Andrija Rašeta Aleksandar Vasiljević Milan Aksentijević | Milan Kučan Lojze Peterle Janez Slapar Janez Janša Igor Bavčar |
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Styrke | |||||||||
22.300 mand[10] | 35.200 mand, Sloveniens Territorial Forsvar 10.000 mand, politistyrker[10] |
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Tab | |||||||||
44 dræbte 146 sårede 4.693 tilfangetagne[10] | 19 dræbte 182 sårede[10] |
Et flertal af kroatere ønskede, at Kroatien skulle forlade Jugoslavien og blive et selvstændigt land, hvorimod mange etniske serbere, der boede i Kroatien, støttet af det serbisk dominerede Jugoslavien,[14][15] var modstandere af en kroatisk udskillelse og ønskede, at serbisk dominerede områder skulle indgå i en fælles stat med Serbien. De fleste serbere ønskede en ny serbisk stat indenfor den jugoslaviske føderation, med områder i Kroatien og Bosnien, med etnisk serbisk flertal, eller betydelig minoritet af etniske serbere,[16][17] og forsøgte at erobre så meget af Kroatien som muligt.[18][19][20] Kroatien erklærede selvstændighed den 25. juni 1991, men accepterede ved Brioniaftalen at udskyde gennemførelsen til den 8. oktober 1991.
Den jugoslaviske folkehær forsøgte ved krigens begyndelse af besætte hele Kroatien for at holde KRoatien inden for den Jugoslaviske føderation.The JNA initially tried to keep Croatia within Yugoslavia by occupying all of Croatia.[21][22] After this failed, Serb forces established the self-proclaimed proto-state Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) within Croatia. After the ceasefire of January 1992 and international recognition of the Republic of Croatia as a sovereign state,[23][24] the front lines were entrenched, the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) was deployed,[25] and combat became largely intermittent in the following three years. During that time, the RSK encompassed 13.913 square kilometers (5.372 sq mi), more than a quarter of Croatia.[26] In 1995, Croatia launched two major offensives known as Operation Flash and Operation Storm,[3][27] these offensives effectively ended the war in its favor. The remaining United Nations Transitional Authority for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium (UNTAES) zone was peacefully reintegrated into Croatia by 1998.[4][8]
The war ended with Croatian victory, as it achieved the goals it had declared at the beginning of the war: independence and preservation of its borders.[3][4] Approximately 21–25% of Croatia's economy was ruined, with an estimated US$37 billion in damaged infrastructure, lost output, and refugee-related costs.[28] Over 20,000 people were killed in the war,[29] and refugees were displaced on both sides. The Serb and Croatian governments began to progressively cooperate with each other but tensions remain, in part due to verdicts by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and lawsuits filed by each country against the other.[30][31]
In 2007, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) returned a guilty verdict against Milan Martić, one of the Serb leaders in Croatia, for having colluded with Slobodan Milošević and others to create a "unified Serbian state".[32] Between 2008 and 2012, the ICTY had prosecuted Croatian generals Ante Gotovina, Mladen Markač and Ivan Čermak for alleged involvement in the crimes related to Operation Storm. Čermak was acquitted outright, and the convictions of Gotovina and Markač were later overturned by an ICTY Appeals Panel.[33][34] The International Court of Justice dismissed mutual claims of genocide by Croatia and Serbia in 2015. The Court reaffirmed that to an extent, crimes against civilians had taken place, but ruled that specific genocidal intent was not present.[35]