Mexican Border War (1910–1919)
Mexican-American military engagements / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Mexican Border War,[13] or the Border Campaign,[14] was a series of military engagements which took place in the Mexican–American border region of North America during the Mexican Revolution. The period of the war encompassed World War I, and the German Empire attempted to have Mexico attack the United States, as well as engaging in hostilities against American forces there itself.
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Border War | |||||||
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Part of the Mexican Revolution, Banana Wars and World War I | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
Supported by: Germany | United States | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Álvaro Obregón Venustiano Carranza Pancho Villa Felipe Ángeles Aniceto Pizana Luis de la Rosca |
Herbert J. Slocum John J. Pershing Frank Tompkins Frederick J. Herman | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
867 soldiers, militia, and insurgents killed[lower-alpha 1] 400+ civilians killed[lower-alpha 2] |
123 soldiers killed 427 civilians killed[12] |
The Mexican Border War was the fifth and last major conflict fought on U.S. soil, its predecessors being the American Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, the Mexican–American War (1846–1848), and the American Civil War. The end of the Mexican Revolution on December 1, 1920, marked the close of the American Frontier, although the American Indian Wars went on for another four years. The Bandit War[15] in Texas was part of the Border War.
From the beginning of the Mexican Revolution in 1910, the United States Army was stationed in force along the border and, on several occasions, fought with Mexican rebels or regular federal troops. The height of the conflict came in 1916 when revolutionary Pancho Villa attacked the American border town of Columbus, New Mexico. In response, the United States Army, under the direction of General John J. Pershing, launched a punitive expedition into northern Mexico, to find and capture Villa. Although Villa was not captured, the US Army found and engaged the Villista rebels, killing Villa's two top lieutenants. The revolutionary himself escaped, and the American army returned to the United States in January 1917.
Conflict at the border continued, however, and the United States launched several smaller operations into Mexican territory until after the American victory in the Battle of Ambos Nogales in August 1918, which led to the establishment of a permanent border wall.[16] Conflict was not limited to battles between Villistas and Americans; Maderistas, Carrancistas, Constitutionalistas and Germans also engaged with American forces in that period. Another aspect of the Border Wars was the desire of the United States to control the flow of immigrants into the U.S. to help counter rebel raids in U.S. territory. In 1914, the United States occupied Veracruz, aiming to cut off supplies of ammunition from the German Empire to Mexico at the start of World War I.