User:Mr. Ibrahem/Major depressive disorder
Medical condition / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known simply as depression, is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of low mood that is present across most situations.[1] It is often accompanied by low self-esteem, loss of interest in normally enjoyable activities, low energy, and pain without a clear cause.[1] Those affected may also occasionally have false beliefs or see or hear things that others cannot.[1] Some people have periods of depression separated by years in which they are normal, while others nearly always have symptoms present.[3] Major depressive disorder can negatively affect a person's personal life, work life, or education as well as sleeping, eating habits, and general health.[1][3] About 2ā8% of adults with major depression die by suicide,[2][7] and about 50% of people who die by suicide had depression or another mood disorder.[8]
Major depressive disorder | |
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Other names | Clinical depression, major depression, unipolar depression, unipolar disorder, recurrent depression |
Sorrowing Old Man ('At Eternity's Gate') by Vincent van Gogh (1890) | |
Specialty | Psychiatry |
Symptoms | Low mood, low self-esteem, loss of interest in normally enjoyable activities, low energy, pain without a clear cause[1] |
Complications | Self-harm, suicide[2] |
Usual onset | 20sā30s[3][4] |
Duration | > 2 weeks[1] |
Causes | Genetic, environmental, and psychological factors[1] |
Risk factors | Family history, major life changes, certain medications, chronic health problems, substance abuse[1][3] |
Differential diagnosis | Bipolar disorder, ADHD, sadness[3] |
Treatment | Counseling, antidepressant medication, electroconvulsive therapy, exercise[5][1] |
Frequency | 163 million (2017)[6] |
The cause is believed to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors.[1] Risk factors include a family history of the condition, major life changes, certain medications, chronic health problems, and substance abuse.[1][3] About 40% of the risk appears to be related to genetics.[3] The diagnosis of major depressive disorder is based on the person's reported experiences and a mental status examination.[9] There is no laboratory test for the disorder.[3] Testing, however, may be done to rule out physical conditions that can cause similar symptoms.[9] Major depression is more severe and lasts longer than sadness, which is a normal part of life.[3] Since 2016, the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has recommended screening for depression among those over the age 12,[10][11] while a 2005 Cochrane review found that the routine use of screening questionnaires has little effect on detection or treatment.[12]
Those with major depressive disorder are typically treated with counseling and antidepressant medication.[1] Medication appears to be effective, but the effect may only be significant in the most severely depressed.[13][14] It is unclear whether medications affect the risk of suicide.[15] Types of counseling used include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy.[1][16] If other measures are not effective, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be considered.[1] Hospitalization may be necessary in cases with a risk of harm to self and may occasionally occur against a person's wishes.[17]
Major depressive disorder affected approximately 163 million people (2% of the world's population) in 2017.[6] The percentage of people who are affected at one point in their life varies from 7% in Japan to 21% in France.[4] Lifetime rates are higher in the developed world (15%) compared to the developing world (11%).[4] The disorder causes the second-most years lived with disability, after lower back pain.[18] The most common time of onset is in a person's 20s and 30s.[3][4] Females are affected about twice as often as males.[3][4] The American Psychiatric Association added "major depressive disorder" to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) in 1980.[19] It was a split of the previous depressive neurosis in the DSM-II, which also encompassed the conditions now known as dysthymia and adjustment disorder with depressed mood.[19] Those currently or previously affected may be stigmatized.[20]