Industrial Revolution
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Industrial Revolution shine sauyi zuwa sabbin hanyoyin masana'antu a Burtaniya, nahiyar Turai, da Amurka, wanda ya faru a cikin kusan 1760 zuwa kusan 1820-1840. Wannan canji ya haɗa da tafiya daga hand production methods zuwa injuna, sabbin masana'antun sinadarai da hanyoyin samar da ƙarfe, haɓaka amfani da wutar lantarki da water power, haɓaka kayan aikin injin da haɓaka tsarin masana'anta. Abubuwan da aka fitar sun karu sosai, kuma sakamakon haka ya kasance hauhawar yawan jama'a da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba da kuma yawan karuwar jama'a. Textiles sune manyan masana'antu na industrial Revolution ta fuskar aiki, ƙimar kayan sarrafawa da jarin jari. Har ila yau, masana'antar textiles ita ce ta farko da ta fara amfani da hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki na zamani. :40
Industrial Revolution | |
---|---|
historical period (en) | |
Bayanai | |
Ƙaramin ɓangare na | economic development (en) |
Mabiyi | Industrious Revolution (en) |
Ta biyo baya | Second Industrial Revolution (en) |
Ƙasa da aka fara | Kingdom of Great Britain (en) |
Lokacin farawa | 1760 |
Lokacin gamawa | 2010 |
Yana haddasa | economic growth (en) , canjin yanayi, aikin yara, laborer (en) da Luddite movement (en) |
Has characteristic (en) | industrialization (en) , technological transition (en) da mechanization (en) |
Industrial Revolution ya fara ne a Burtaniya, kuma yawancin sabbin fasahohin fasaha da na gine-gine sun fito ne daga Birtaniyya. [1] A tsakiyar karni na 18, Biritaniya ita ce babbar kasa ta kasuwanci a duniya, tana sarrafa daular ciniki ta duniya tare da mazauna Arewacin Amurka da Caribbean. Biritaniya tana da manyan sojoji da siyasa a yankin Indiya; musamman tare da Mughal Bengal na masana'antu, ta hanyar ayyukan Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya. Haɓaka kasuwanci da haɓakar kasuwanci na daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka haifar da Industrial Revolution :15
Industrial Revolution ya yi wani babban sauyi a tarihi. Kwatankwacin yadda ɗan adam ya karɓi aikin gona kawai game da ci gaban abin duniya, [2] Industrial Revolution ya yi tasiri ta wata hanya kusan kowane bangare na rayuwar yau da kullun. Musamman, matsakaitan kudin shiga da yawan jama'a sun fara nuna ci gaban da ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba. Wasu masana tattalin arziki sun ce muhimmin tasirin Industrial Revolution shi ne yadda yanayin rayuwa ga al'ummar yammacin duniya ya fara karuwa akai-akai a karon farko a tarihi, ko da yake wasu sun ce bai fara samun gyaruwa mai ma'ana ba sai a karshen karni na 19 da na 20. [3] GDP ga kowa da kowa ya kasance mai karko sosai kafin industrial Revolution da bullowar tattalin arzikin jari-hujja na zamani, yayin da Industarial Revolution ya fara a zamanin ci gaban tattalin arzikin kowane mutum a cikin tattalin arzikin jari-hujja. Masana tarihin tattalin arziki sun yarda cewa farkon industrial Revolution shine abu mafi mahimmanci a tarihin ɗan adam tun lokacin da aka yi kiwon dabbobi da tsirrai.
Har yanzu ana ta muhawara a tsakanin masana tarihi dangane da madaidaicin farawa da ƙarshen Industrial revolution kamar yadda ake tafka muhawara a kan sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Eric Hobsbawm ya yi imanin cewa Industrial revolution ya fara a Biritaniya a cikin shekarar 1780s kuma ba a ji shi sosai ba har zuwa 1830s ko 1840s, yayin da TS Ashton ya ɗauka cewa ya faru kusan tsakanin 1760 da 1830. An fara haɓaka masana'antu cikin sauri a Biritaniya, farawa da injin injina a cikin shekarar 1780s, tare da haɓakar haɓakar ƙarfin tururi da samar da ƙarfe da ke faruwa bayan 1800. Samar da textiles da injina ya bazu daga Burtaniya zuwa nahiyar Turai da Amurka a farkon karni na 19, tare da muhimman cibiyoyin textiles da karfe da Coal da suka kunno kai a Belgium da Amurka sannan daga baya textiles a Faransa.
koma bayan tattalin arziki ya faru ne daga karshen shekarun 1830 zuwa farkon shekarun 1840 lokacin da farkon industrial Revolution , irin su kadi da saƙa, ya ragu kuma kasuwanninsu suka girma. Ƙirƙirar sabbin abubuwa da aka haɓaka a ƙarshen lokacin, kamar haɓaka ɗaukar jiragen sama, kwale-kwalen tuƙi da tuƙi da narkewar ƙarfe mai zafi. Sabbin fasahohi, irin su telegraph na lantarki, wanda aka ƙaddamar da shi sosai a cikin shekarar 1840s da 1850s, ba su da ƙarfin isa don fitar da ƙimar girma. Ci gaban tattalin arziki cikin sauri ya fara faruwa bayan 1870, yana fitowa daga sabon rukuni na sababbin abubuwa a cikin abin da ake kira Industrial revolution na biyu. Waɗannan sabbin abubuwan sun haɗa da sabbin hanyoyin samar da ƙarfe, samarwa da yawa, layin taro, tsarin grid na lantarki, manyan kayan aikin injin, da yin amfani da injunan ci gaba a cikin masana'antu masu ƙarfin tururi.