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Appearance | Lustrous, metallic, and silver with a gold tinge |
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| 58.6934(4)[1] |
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Atomic number (Z) | 28 |
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Group | group 10 |
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Period | period 4 |
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Block | d-block |
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Electron configuration | [Ar] 3d8 4s2 or [Ar] 3d9 4s1 |
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Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 16, 2 or 2, 8, 17, 1 |
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Phase at STP | solid |
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Melting point | 1728 K (1455 °C, 2651 °F) |
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Boiling point | 3003 K (2730 °C, 4946 °F) |
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Density (near r.t.) | 8.908 g/cm3 |
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when liquid (at m.p.) | 7.81 g/cm3 |
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Heat of fusion | 17.48 kJ/mol |
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Heat of vaporization | 379 kJ/mol |
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Molar heat capacity | 26.07 J/(mol·K) |
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Vapor pressure
P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
at T (K) |
1783 |
1950 |
2154 |
2410 |
2741 |
3184 |
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Oxidation states | −2, −1, 0, +1,[2] +2, +3, +4[3] (a mildly basic oxide) |
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Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 1.91 |
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Ionization energies | - 1st: 737.1 kJ/mol
- 2nd: 1753.0 kJ/mol
- 3rd: 3395 kJ/mol
- (more)
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Atomic radius | empirical: 124 pm |
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Covalent radius | 124±4 pm |
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Van der Waals radius | 163 pm |
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Spectral lines of nickel |
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Natural occurrence | primordial |
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Crystal structure | face-centered cubic (fcc) |
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Speed of sound thin rod | 4900 m/s (at r.t.) |
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Thermal expansion | 13.4 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C) |
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Thermal conductivity | 90.9 W/(m⋅K) |
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Electrical resistivity | 69.3 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) |
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Magnetic ordering | ferromagnetic |
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Young's modulus | 200 GPa |
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Shear modulus | 76 GPa |
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Bulk modulus | 180 GPa |
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Poisson ratio | 0.31 |
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Mohs hardness | 4.0 |
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Vickers hardness | 638 MPa |
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Brinell hardness | 667–1600 MPa |
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CAS Number | 7440-02-0 |
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Discovery and first isolation | Axel Fredrik Cronstedt (1751) |
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Main isotopes[4] |
Decay |
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abundance |
half-life (t1/2) |
mode |
product |
58Ni |
68.1% |
stable |
59Ni |
trace |
7.6×104 y |
ε |
59Co |
60Ni |
26.2% |
stable |
61Ni |
1.14% |
stable |
62Ni |
3.63% |
stable |
63Ni |
synth |
100 y |
β− |
63Cu |
64Ni |
0.926% |
stable |
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Category: Nickel | references |